DC power distribution for server farms -- Introduction -- Power distribution architectures ---- AC power distribution ---- DC power distribution -- Reliability -- Efficiency -- Promising emerging technologies for supporting DC power distribution -- Status of DC distribution in industry -- Conclusions -- References eceee 2007 Summer Study -- Panel 1: The foundations of a future energy policy. Longer term strategies ---- A step into the unknown: feed-in tariff for energy saving ---- Call for oil independence – highlights the need for energy efficiency ---- Carbon governance from a systems perspective: an investigation of food production and consumption in the UK ---- Developing a strategy to speed up large-scale adoption of compressed-natural-gas-driven (CNG) cars ---- Enough is as good as a feast: sufficiency as policy ---- Financing energy efficiency investments in the housing sector and small-scale energy systems ---- Integrating policies for renewables and energy efficiency: Comparing results from Germany, Luxembourg and Northern Ireland ---- Liberating energy analysis ---- Microgrids: An emerging paradigm for meeting building electricity and heat requirements efficiently and with appropriate energy ---- Mission possible: bringing end-use energy efficiency to the European Emissions Trading Scheme ---- Reaching our potential: a framework for making the most of microgeneration technologies ---- Social acceptability of climate change policies ---- Strategic fit of energy efficiency (Strategic and cultural dimensions of energy-efficiency investments) ---- Sustainable energy end use from a systems perspective ---- The blessings of energy efficiency in an enhanced EU sustainability scenario ---- The UKERC Meeting Place: a new model for stimulating the energy debate ---- Turning the appliance market around towards A++ ---- Which allocation rule generates true price signals for the CO2 allowance market? ---- Will efficient technologies save the world? A call for new thinking on the ways that end-use technologies affect energy use -- Panel 2: Strategies and general policies ---- A turning point for the “Intelligent Energy Europe” programme ---- Achieving energy savings in the residential and service sector: A challenging case study ---- Applied policy measures for energy savings in end-use sectors in EU-countries: what is best? ---- Development of the Dutch Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Energy efficiency initiatives: Indian experience ---- Energy efficiency representation in the EU: the missing links and options ---- European Commission Action Plan on Energy Efficiency – From the public consultation to the real outcomes for stakeholders ---- How to kick start a market for EPC Lessons learned from a mix of measures in Sweden ---- Implementation aspects of the EU Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services in Germany ---- Increasing energy efficiency in government institutions ---- Investments in energy saving measures in Italy and UK: the impact of national support schemes ---- Is there a silver bullet? – A comparative assessment of twenty policy instruments applied worldwide ---- Latest developments of the ESCO industry across Europe ---- Linking promotion strategies for RES-E and for demand-side conservation in a dynamic European electricity market ---- Simulating a European-wide white certificates scheme: design issues and main lessons ---- Smart electricity metering as an energy efficiency instrument: Comparative analyses of regulation and market conditions in EU ---- Supply chain and government collaboration ---- Taking out one billion tons of CO2: the magic of China’s 11th five year plan? ---- The action of EDF in end-use energy efficiency ---- Toothless tiger? Is the EU action plan on energy efficiency sufficient to reach its target? ---- Transaction costs of energy efficiency policy instruments ---- White Certificates for energy efficiency improvement with energy taxes: A theoretical economic model -- Panel 4: Monitoring and evaluation ---- Evaluating the impact of energy labelling and MEPS – a retrospective look at the case of refrigerators in the UK and Australia ---- How much energy saving is 1 % per year? ---- Uncertainties in the evaluation of energy savings potential -- Panel 6: Products and Appliances ---- Accounting for electricity consumption in buildings and evaluating the saving potential ---- Do energy efficient appliances cost more? ---- Energy efficiency and conservation: Is solid state lighting a bright idea? -- Panel 9: Dynamics of Consumption eCourse on Integrated Home Systems -- Chapter 1 - Definition of integrated home systems ---- 1. Introduction ---- 2. The situation without integrated home systems ------ 2.1. History of the electrical installation -------- 2.1.1. The traditional electrical installation -------- 2.1.2. The installation with remote-controlled switches -------- 2.1.3. Lighting control systems -------- 2.1.4. Other intelligent control systems ------ 2.2. Electricity clients in the home ------ 2.3. Quality time ------ 2.4. Problem ---- 3. Definition of integrated home systems ---- 4. Analysis of the definition ------ 4.1. Integrated system -------- 4.1.1. Example of integration ------ 4.2. All electrical equipment ------ 4.3. Home ------ 4.4. Increasing comfort ------ 4.5. Increasing flexibility -------- 4.5.1. Long term flexibility -------- 4.5.2. Short term flexibility ------ 4.6. Increasing communication ------ 4.7. Increasing safety and security -------- 4.7.1. Fire protection -------- 4.7.2. Security against burglars -------- 4.7.3. The panic button -------- 4.7.4. Personal alarm ------ 4.8. Improving energy consumption ---- 5. Integrated home systems versus other systems ------ 5.1. Home automation ------ 5.2. Building automation -- Chapter 2 - Integrated home system functions ---- 1. Introduction ---- 2. Thinking in terms of integrated home systems versus traditional thinking ------ The intentions of the residents ---- 3. Functions in integrated home systems ------ Example ---- 4. Specific functions of integrated home systems ------ 4.1. Light path to the children's room ------ 4.2. Light path to the WC ------ 4.3. Little Eva is awake ------ 4.4. Surgeon D. is on call ------ 4.5. Corridor lighting 100% during the day and 30% at night ------ 4.6. Mood buttons in the living room and kitchen ------ 4.7. Intelligent all out button ------ 4.8. Bathroom fan ------ 4.9. Stairwell controller with flashing LED ---- 5. Identifying requirements -- Chapter 3 - The integrated home system file ---- 1. Introduction ---- 2. Drawing with a computer ------ 2.1. Using layers ---- 3. Definition of the problem ------ 3.1. The architect's drawings ------ 3.2. Addition of an integrated home system pushbutton ---- 4. The integrated home system file ------ 4.1. Collecting information ------ 4.2. The order of the work ------ 4.3. Drawing the floor plans -------- 4.3.1. The layer for the lights -------- 4.3.2. The power sockets layer -------- 4.3.3. The motors layer -------- 4.3.4. The other consumers -------- 4.3.5. The pushbuttons -------- 4.3.6. The touch panels -------- 4.3.7. The motion detectors -------- 4.3.8. The light sensors -------- 4.3.9. The temperature sensors -------- 4.3.10. Other sensors and subsystems ------ 4.4. The spreadsheets -------- 4.4.1. The list of consumers -------- 4.4.2. The list of pushbuttons ---------- Example -------- 4.4.3. Other lists -------- 4.4.4. The connection of the pushbuttons ------ 4.5. Additional drawings ------ 4.6. The single-line diagram -------- 4.6.1. Overvoltage protection -------- 4.6.2. The integrated home system relays -------- 4.6.3. Dimmers -------- 4.6.4. Motors ------ 4.7. Drawing of the distribution box ------ 4.8. Benefits of the integrated home system file -- Chapter 4 - Integrated home systems, a technical examination ---- 1. Centralised, decentralised or semi-centralised intelligence ------ 1.1. Centralised systems -------- 1.1.1. Advantages and disadvantages of centralised systems ------ 1.2. Decentralised systems -------- Advantages and disadvantages of decentralised systems ------ 1.3. Semi-centralised systems ---- 2. Topology ------ 2.1. Star topology ------ 2.2. Bus topology ------ 2.3. Tree topology or free topology ---- 3. Media used ------ 3.1. Multicable ------ 3.2. TP Twisted Pair ------ 3.3. PL Powerline ------ 3.4. Coax ------ 3.5. Radio frequency ------ 3.6. Infrared ------ 3.7. Optical fibre ---- 4. Integrated home system components ------ 4.1. The consumers ------ 4.2. The actuators ------ 4.3. The sensors -------- 4.3.1. Switches and pushbuttons -------- 4.3.2. Operating panels -------- 4.3.3. Voltage-free contacts -------- 4.3.4. Touch screen -------- 4.3.5. The touch window -------- 4.3.6. RF transmitters -------- 4.3.7. Infrared remote controls -------- 4.3.8. Telephone (fixed and mobile) -------- 4.3.9. Motion detectors -------- 4.3.10. Presence detectors -------- 4.3.11. Smoke detectors -------- 4.3.12. Gas detectors -------- 4.3.13. Magnetic contacts -------- 4.3.14. Thermostats -------- 4.3.15. Temperature sensors -------- 4.3.16. Level sensors -------- 4.3.17. Water leak detector -------- 4.3.18 Humidity detectors -------- 4.3.19. Light sensors -------- 4.3.20. Wind sensors -------- 4.3.21. Rain sensors -------- 4.3.22. Weather station -------- 4.3.23. The PDA -------- 4.3.24. The computer -------- 4.3.25. Card readers and proximity readers -------- 4.3.26. Code panels -------- 4.3.27. Biometric detectors ---- 5. Safety and security in and around the home ------ 5.1. Positioning of integrated home system components in wet rooms ------ 5.2. Manual operation of roll-down shutters and doors ------ 5.3. Switching off outdoor power points ------ 5.4. Take care with clocks ---- 6. Installation techniques and tips ------ 6.1. Protecting relay modules ------ 6.2. Fitting overvoltage protection ------ 6.3. Avoiding large loops with integrated home systems cables ------ 6.4. Drawing up a risk assessment ------ 6.5. EMC ------ 6.6. CE mark ------ 6.7. Earthing of modules ------ 6.8. Use the specified cables ------ 6.9. Respect the maximum distances ------ 6.10. Use of screening ------ 6.11. Keep cables with different voltages away from one another ------ 6.12. Use of multicable ------ 6.13. Labelling cables and wires ------ 6.14. Good connecting techniques ------ 6.15. Fitting terminating resistors ------ 6.16. Filters in powerline systems ------ 6.17. Note the addresses of bus participants ------ 6.18. Calculation of the power supply ------ 6.19. Select the right relay contacts -------- 6.19.1. Resistive loads -------- 6.19.2. Inductive loads -------- 6.19.3. Capacitive loads -------- 6.19.4. Switch-on currents ------ 6.20. Connection of tube motors ------ 6.21. Operating components at a usable height ------ 6.22. Positioning of thermostats or temperature sensors ------ 6.23. Maintaining flexibility -------- 6.23.1. Multicable -------- 6.23.2. Separate cabling for pushbuttons ---- 7. Links to producers -- Chapter 5 - Structured cabling in the home ---- 1. Introduction ---- 2. The basics ---- 3. The traditional installation method ---- 4. Smart installation methods ------ 4.1. Abitana ------ 4.2. Gardy (Schneider Electric) ------ 4.3. Reichle & De-Massari ---- 5. Installation tips ---- 6. Links to producers Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation -- EPQU Journal Volume 13 Issue 2 -- EPQU Magazine Volume 3 Issue 1 ---- About EPQU Magazine ---- Featured content ---- Video interviews ---- Reader questions and answers ---- Reader contribution ---- 13th IEEE International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP) -- Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electric Power Quality and Utilisation ---- Plenary presentations ------ A New Vision of PQ Research for the Next 10 Years ---- Distributed Generation and Renewable Energies ------ A New Heuristic Network Reconfiguration Algorithm for Radial Distribution System ------ A Study of Electric Power Quality using Storage System in Distributed Generation ------ An Anti-islanding Control System for Distributed Generation Plants with Synchronous Machines ------ Analyzing the quality of supply under the insight of DC networks ------ Assess the impact of photovoltaic generation systems on low-voltage network: software analysis tool development ------ Comparison between solar and wind energy in Lebanon ------ Compensation of Fast Changing Loads - Application Example Wind Turbines ------ Control of a DFIG-based wind system in presence of large grid faults: analysis of voltage ride through capability ------ Coordinated Reactive Compensation in a Wind Park ------ Designing Fault-Tolerant Power Infrastructure ------ Development and implementation of a Condition Monitoring System in a Substation ------ Distributed Generation and Renewable Energy Sources in Poland ------ Distributed Generation Impact on Voltage Sags in Distribution Networks ------ Exploitation of renewable power sources for local consumers' Reservation ------ Field Demonstration on Multiple Power Quality Supply System in Sendai, Japan ------ Grid Connected Wind Turbine-Fuel Cell Power System Having Power Quality Issues ------ IEC 61850 as a flexible tool for electrical systems Monitoring ------ Impact of Distributed Generation over Power Losses on Distribution System ------ Impact of embedded generation on the voltage quality of distribution networks ------ Improving power quality with coordinated voltage control in networks with dispersed generation ------ Innovative training techniques to account for power quality issues when deploying Distributed Energy Resources ------ Micro storage and Demand Side Management in distributed PV grid-connected installati ------ Reliability and Continuity of Supply ------ Reliability of large power units in probabilistic approach ------ Steady State Model of 100kWe SOFC Power Conditioning System ------ Study of Power Fluctuation from Dispersed Generations and loads and its impact on a Distribution Network ------ Study on Adaptive Power System Stabilizing Control ------ The Load Flow Calculation in Harmonic Polluted Radial Electric Networks with Distributed Generation ------ Estimation of Energy Losses in a Wind Park ------ Harmonic effects caused by large scale PV installations in LV network ---- Education ------ A Free Simulator Program for Teaching Power Quality Concepts ------ Laboratory of Distributed Generation ------ Power quality between necessity and tradition in master courses curricula of Romanian electrical engineering faculties ------ Power quality education using a remote monitoring laboratory ---- EMC ------ Analysis of HV and MV Networks Faults Effect on Short Drops ------ Assessment of Electromagnetic Disturbances Transfer between Networks ------ Earthing System’s Design in Presence of Non-uniform Soil ------ Effects of voltage sags on different types of ballasts for 150-W HPS lamps ------ Feasibility Study of Advancing and Sitting up Power Line Communication (PLC) System under Environment of EMC on the Ships ------ Flicker Impact on 150 W HPS Lamps of Different Ages ------ Frequency Converters as Generators of Interharmonics ------ Frequency Determination in a Single-Phase Voltage Signal using Adaptative Notch Filters ------ High Voltage Auxiliary Power Supply with the Simplified Power Circuit Topology for the DC Trains ------ Human Exposure to Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields inside a Very High Voltage Power Station ------ Magnetic field reduction study for low voltage distribution panels located in MV/LV substations ------ Magnetic Lossess Simulation in PM SM Drive by FE: Harmonic Superposition by Method of Locked Rotor ------ Numerical Methods for Induced Voltage Evaluation in Electromagnetic Interference Problems ------ Possible Design of Bus Bar Construction for Matrix Converter ------ Virtual Synchronous Machine ------ Voltage Quality Improvement in Distribution Networks ---- Energy Efficiency ------ Energy efficiency of distribution transformers in Europe ------ Energy Efficient Transformer Selection Implementing Life Cycle Costs and Environmental Externalities ------ Standby Power Consumption in Belgium ------ The High-Frequency Interferences Produced in Systems Including Pulse Width Modulation Inverter and AC Motors ------ Total Reliable Efficiency (TRE) - A global approach for continuous energy improvement ------ Utilization of the standard-voltage-range in low-voltage networks for the usage of Local-Energy-Controllers without affecting PQ ---- Harmonics ------ Application Examples of Broadband Active Harmonic Filter Systems in Four Specific Industries ------ Choice of harmonic filters for high voltage networks with distributed nonlinear load ------ Harmonics Consideration of a RSFCL in a 11kV Distribution System ------ Power System Harmonic Estimation Using Neural Networks ------ Practical Application of a Method for Determining Customer and Utility Harmonic Contributions ------ Reducing Heat in a Transformer and increasing its Loading Capacity, by decreasing the Percentage of Harmonics and Reactive Power ---- Markets, economic aspects ------ Analysis of Electrical Power Sale Costs by the Use of “Sensitivity Analysis” Method ------ Analysis of the Main Norms (standards) and Laws on Electrical Energy in Europe and Romania ------ Creating a Regulatory Framework for Voltage Quality ------ Economical Damage due to Low Power Quality ------ Electrical Power Delivery improvement in Portugal through Quality Function Deployment ------ Methodology for Assessment of Financial Losses due to Voltage Sags and Short Interruptions ------ Need of Voltage Quality Regulation in the Future Electricity Infrastructure ------ Overview of Electricity Deregulation, Power Quality and Energy Efficiency Studies in Turkey ------ Pan-European Power Quality Survey ------ Planning for “High Quality” Distribution Networks ------ Power Quality in Romanian Electricity Market ------ The costs of keeping reliability of electrical devices in Power Entreprise ------ Voltage Quality Issues in a Competitive Electricity Market ---- Power Quality measurement ------ Power Quality Monitoring System - Voltage Dips and Short Interruptions ------ A New Approach to Reactive Power Calculation of the Static VAr Compensator ------ A New Ultra-low-cost Power Quality Measurement Technology ------ Adaptive digital synchronization of measuring window in low-cost DSP power quality measurement Systems ------ An assessment of distortions of supply voltage waveform in All-Electric Ship Power Network - Case Study ------ An Experimental Evaluation of Short-Time Flicker Index ------ Building permanent PQ monitoring system on MV network in Elektra Zagreb, Croatia ------ Data System for The Monitoring of Power Quality in The Transmission Substations Supplying Big Consumers ------ Development of a Photovoltaic Array Emulator System based on a Full-Bridge Structure ------ DFT algorithm analysis in low-cost power quality measurement systems based on a DSP processor. ------ Estimation of power system parameters based on load variance observations – laboratory studies ------ Field Measurements on Wind Turbines: a Voltage Dip Characterization under the Spanish Grid Code ------ Flickermeter Used for Different Types of Lamps ------ GPS-synchronized harmonic measurements performed on a 400kV transmission network ------ Influence of Power Factor Compensating Capacitors on Estimation of Harmonic Distortion ------ Methods for power quality analysis according to EN 50160 ------ Metrological Supervision of Electrical Energy Meters in Substations up to 35 kV ------ Monitoring Power Quality beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30 ------ New Developments in Power Quality Immunity and Voltage Sag Standards: Hands-on Applications in North America, Asia, and Europe ------ Power Quality Effects on the Measurement of Reactive Power in Three-Phase Power Systems in the Light of the IEEE Standard 1459-2 ------ Power Quality Monitoring in the Romanian High Voltage Grid ------ Single-Point Strategies for the Detection of Harmonic Sources in Power Systems ------ System of Monitoring Power Quality Parameters in Real Time ------ The design and construction of a power quality Parameters Recorder ------ The impact of FIFA World Cup 2006 on Power Quality in the electric distribution systems ------ The importance of IEC 61000-4-30 Class A for the Coordination of Power Quality Levels ------ Validation techniques of network harmonic models based on switching of a series linear component and measuring resultant harmoni ---- PQ Improvement and distributed loads ------ A Control Algorithm for Hybrid Compensation of Fast Varying Loads ------ A new power supply system for AC Contactor Ride-through ------ Active Compensation of Harmonics in Industrial Applications ------ Active Earthing System to Optimise Power Quality in MV Networks ------ Application of DSTATCOM compensators for mitigation of power quality disturbances in low voltage grid with distributed generatio ------ Central Control System Based on Genetic Algorithms to Improve Power Quality ------ Control of Dynamic Voltage Restorer using TMS320F2812 ------ Damped-Type Double Tuned Filters Design for HVDC Systems ------ Dynamic Harmonic Mitigation and Power Factor Correction ------ Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) Using Three Dimensional Space Vector PWM Control Algorithm ------ Electric Arc Furnace Modelling from a 'Power Quality' Point of View ------ Electrical Power Quality Improvement using a DSP Controlled Active Power Filter ------ Harmonic Emission of Double Stage Converter for Auxiliary Services in Electric Trains ------ Improving the Voltage Regulation of Secondary Feeders by Applying Solid-State Tap Changers to MV/LV Transformers ------ Inductive Decoupling of Low-Voltage Sub-Networks ------ Integrated Approach for Power Quality requirements at the Point of Connection ------ LC Coupled Shunt Active Power Filter (APF): New topology and control method ------ Matrix Converter for Reducing Harmonics in Micro-Turbine Generation System ------ Modeling for Passive Hybrid Filter Performance Analysis ------ Optimization of the Compensation of a Meshed MV Network by a Modified Genetic Algorithm ------ PFC units sizing in steel factory harmonics environment: a case study ------ Photovoltaic-inverters as Active Filters to improve Power Quality in the Grid. What can State-of-the-art Equipment Achieve? ------ Problems of Passive Filters Application in System with Varying Frequency ------ Propagation of Unbalance in Electric Power Systems ------ Recursive Control for Active Power Filters ------ Techno-economic Improvement of Voltage Sag Performance with FACTS Devices ------ Voltage Phase Controller for Power Systems ------ Voltage Sag Cost Reduction With Optimally Placed FACTS Devices ---- Reliability and Continuity of Supply ------ Decentralized control of a different rated parallel UPS systems ------ Design of Emergency Power Systems for Reliable Uninterrupted High Power Applications ------ Development of Search Space Establishment-less Type High Speed Genetic Algorithm Considering Mutation Rate ------ Electrical Power Quality Improvement In the Eastern European Region ------ Methodologies and Tools for Electric Power System Reliability Assessment on HL I and HL II Levels ------ New Power Quality Solutions Custom Designed For Industrial Applications ------ Problems of deployment of RC switching elements in distribution MV networks for improving reliability of power supply ------ Reactive power control in transmission network as a tool for reliable supply ------ Regulation of the Electricity Supply Continuity and Decision Making of Distribution Companies ------ Reliability Analysis of Distribution Networks ------ Reliability Centered Maintenance ------ Selection criteria of high-power static UPS ------ The reliability evaluation of a power system in presence of photovoltaic and wind power generation plants and UPS ------ INCA: A Tool for the Assessment and Improvement of Supply Reliability Indices ------ Energy Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa ---- Sensitivity of loads ------ A study of voltage sags in electric motors ------ An Innovative Approach for Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motor by estimation of Rotor Time constant ------ Characterisation of CSS supplied emergency lighting equipment ------ CIGRE/CIRED/UIE JWG C4.110, Voltage dip immunity of equipment in installations ------ Contributions to Analysis of Energetical Performances of Auxiliary Equipments of Luminaires ------ Effects of voltage sags on different types of ballasts for 150-W HPS lamps ------ Electrical Quality Requirements for Scientific Applications. The ALBA Synchrotron Light Source Case ------ Influence of modulation frequency on the properties of the induction motor, which is supplied from frequency converter ------ Methodology for Assessing the Impact of Short-Term Voltage Variations (Sags) on Power Electronic Equipment ------ Power quality problems in unbalanced operations of fault tolerant H-bridge multilevel active front-ends ------ Series-Connected DC-DC Power Converters for Low-Voltage DC Source in Distributed Generation ------ Static Switches for their use on Capacitors Batteries Connection ------ Switching Power Supplies: Analysis of Waveform Distortion and Absorbed Powers ---- Simulation & modelling ------ Analysis of Voltage Profile And Its Improvement In Harmonic Included Distribution Systems ------ ANETO: A System for the Automatic Generation of Theoretical Network Models ------ Case Studies of Harmonic Problems, Analysis, and Solutions on Transmission Systems ------ Computer Aided Online Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motors ------ CPC Power Theory as Control Algorithm of Switching Compensators ------ Evaluation and Trends of Power Quality Indices in Distribution System ------ Fast Varying Loads ------ Flashover Rate due to Lightning in Overhead Distribution Lines ------ Harmonic Current Vector Method with Reference Impedances - Field Measurement Verification ------ Impedance Measurement of a Fuel Cell on Load ------ Limitations of the IRP p-q Theory as Control Algorithm of Switching Compensators ------ Monitoring Harmonic Sources in Distrubtion System by Neural Network Estimator ------ Simulation of Electric Quantities in Lighting Networks ------ Time-Series Load Modelling and Load Forecasting Using Neuro-Fuzzy Techniques ------ Using Complex Adaline for the Direct Symmetrical Components Estimation ------ Visual management of Sags and Incidents gathered in Distribution Substations for Power Quality Management ------ Voltage Estimation in Electrical Distribution Systems -- Register to EPQU tutorials day at EPQU Conference, Barcelona ---- 1-Practical Power Quality at World-wide Industrial and Commercial Sites by Alex Mc Eachern ---- 2-Cost of Power Quality by LPQI & CIGRE ---- 3-Energy storage for power quality & reliability by A T De Almeida & J Delgado ---- 4-Understanding power quality measurement & fault disturbances by David Mueller ---- 5-Evolution of electrical design practice in office buildings between 2000 & 2005 by Angelo Baggini ---- 6-Electric Energy Efficiency System: Costs and Benefits by Juan Martinez Energy Efficiency Policy & Measures -- Australia ---- Part 01: Greenlight Australia ---- Part 02: Funding for Low Emissions Technology and Abatement ---- Part 03: Voluntary Building Industry Initiatives ---- Part 04: Standards for Energy Efficiency of Electric Motor Systems (SEEEM) Membership ---- Part 05: Performance Standards and 5-Star Rating for Buildings: MEPS and NatHERs ---- Part 06: Energy Efficiency Opportunities Programme ---- Part 07: Phase Out of Inefficient Lightbulbs ---- Part 08: National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 ---- Part 09: National Framework for Energy Efficiency (Stage Two) ---- Part 10: Framework Strategy and Planned Emissions Trading Scheme -- Austria ---- Part 01: EE Housing Programmes - Constitutional Treaty Between Austrian Federation and Länder ---- Part 02: Energy Consulting: klima:aktiv leben to Employ Chimney-Sweepers as Climate Ambassadors ---- Part 03: Quick-Check Online Household Energy Efficiency Calculator ---- Part 04: Federal Promotion of Extraordinary Efficiency in Buildings ---- Part 05: Consumer Guide to Energy Efficient Products ---- Part 06: Bilateral Partnerships to Promote Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency ---- Part 07: Expert System for an Intelligent Supply of Thermal Energy in Industry (EINSTEIN) ---- Part 08: Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- Belgium ---- Part 01: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ---- Part 02: Energy Fund Grants for Small-Scale Heat Generation – Wallonia -- Canada ---- Part 01: Sustainable Technology Development Canada ---- Part 02: Energy Retrofit Assistance for Implementation Projects (ERA-I) ---- Part 03: Appliance Standards: Harmonization with Energy Star and California Standards for Beverage Vending Machines ---- Part 04: Appliance Standards: Harmonisation with Energy Star and California Standards for Commercial Freezers and Refrigerators ---- Part 05: Efficiency Upgrade for Dry-Type Transformers ---- Part 06: Efficiency Upgrade and Energy Star-Standard Harmonization for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts ---- Part 07: Turning the Corner: An Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollution ---- Part 08: Trust fund for Clean Air and Climate Change ---- Part 09: ecoENERGY Retrofit - Small and Medium Organizations – Buildings ---- Part 10: ecoENERGY Retrofit – Homes ---- Part 11: ecoEnergy for Industry ---- Part 12: ecoENERGY for Equipment ---- Part 13: ecoENERGY for Buildings and Houses ---- Part 14: ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities ---- Part 15: Standby Power Standards -- China ---- Part 01: Top 1000 Industrial Energy Conservation Programme ---- Part 02: Strategic Plan for Industrial Efficiency ---- Part 03: Energy Efficient Products for Government Procurement - Publication of Official Listing ---- Part 04: Energy Conservation in Government ---- Part 05: Energy Conservation in Buildings ---- Part 06: Efficiency Upgrade for Appliance Production and Public Lighting ---- Part 07: Conversion of Exhaust Heat and Pressure ---- Part 08: National Climate Change Program ---- Part 09: Efficient lightbulb subsidy programme -- Czech Republic ---- Part 01: Energy Management Act ---- Part 02: 2nd National Programme for the years 2006-2009 ---- Part 03: Energy Management Act – Amended -- Denmark ---- Part 01: Energy Strategy 2025 ---- Part 02: Agreement on Energy Saving Initiatives ---- Part 03: Action Plan for Renewed Energy Conservation ---- Part 04: Thermal Building Code Revision ---- Part 05: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ---- Part 07: Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Part 6: A Visionary Danish Energy Policy 2025 -- European Union ---- Part 01: Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan): Towards a low carbon future ---- Part 02: Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) ---- Part 03: Intelligent Energy-Europe Programme (2007-13) ---- Part 04: An Energy Policy for Europe ---- Part 05: New EU-US Energy Star Agreement ---- Part 06: EU Emissions Trading Scheme 2008-12 ---- Part 07: 20 20 by 2020: Europe's Climate Change Opportunity -- Finland ---- Part 01: Energy and Climate Policy Strategy ---- Part 02: Subsidies for Energy Audits Renewed ---- Part 03: Extension of Voluntary Energy Efficiency Agreements ---- Part 04: Energy Efficiency Subsidies to Prioritise New Technology ---- Part 05: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Part 06: Implementation of the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive ---- Part 07: Amendment of the Building Code ---- Part 08: Voluntary Energy Efficiency Agreements for 2008 – 2016 -- France ---- Part 01: White Certificate Trading ---- Part 02: Public - Private Research Partnerships: "Industries of the Future" ---- Part 03: Preferential Loans for Domestic Energy Conservation Projects ---- Part 04: Maritime Transport Initiative ---- Part 05: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ---- Part 06: Le Grenelle de L'Environnement -- Germany ---- Part 01: National Climate Protection Programme ---- Part 02: KfW Housing Modernisation Programme ---- Part 03: Fifth Energy Research Programme ---- Part 04: Coalition Agreement - Target to Double Energy Productivity by 2020 ---- Part 05: Integrated Climate Change and Energy Programme ---- Part 06: Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- Greece ---- Part 01: National Operational Programme for Competitiveness II ---- Part 02: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) -- Hungary ---- Part 01: German Coal Aid Revolving Fund – Revision ---- Part 02: Structural Funds for Environment Protection and Infrastructure Operative Programme ---- Part 03: National Energy Saving Programme: Financial Assistance for Energy Conservation ---- Part 04: Implementation of the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings ---- Part 05: Apple of Our Eyes: ESCOs to Fund Energy Efficiency Improvements for Public Schools ---- Part 06: Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- India ---- Part 01: Comprehensive Energy Labeling Program for Appliances ---- Part 02: Energy Conservation Building Code ---- Part 03: National Action Plan on Climate Change -- Italy ---- Part 01: White Certificate Trading for End-Use Energy Efficiency ---- Part 02: Public/Private Working Group to Address Energy Efficient Services ---- Part 03: Implementation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme in Italy ---- Part 04: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ---- Part 05: Green Certificate Trading ---- Part 06: Financial law 2007 ---- Part 07: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Part 08: Energy Audits in Public Buildings ---- Part 09: Climate Change Action Plan -- Japan ---- Part 01: Revision of Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming (2005 Amendment) ---- Part 02: Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan ---- Part 03: Energy demand and supply prospect from 2010 to 2030 (Formulation and revision) ---- Part 04: New Regulation for Energy Suppliers (2005 Revised Energy Conservation Law) ---- Part 05: New National Energy Strategy ---- Part 06: New Labelling Measures: 2005 Revised Energy Conservation Law ---- Part 07: Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (2005 Revised Energy Conservation Law) 25/11 ---- Part 08: Energy Conservation Frontrunner Plan ---- Part 09: Basic Program for Housing: Energy Efficiency Standards ---- Part 10: Asian Energy-Saving Program ---- Part 11: National Promotion for Energy Efficient Home Appliances ---- Part 12: National Energy Conservation Promotion - New 2007 Campaigns for Further Energy Efficiency ---- Part 13: Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan 2 (2007) ---- Part 14: Energy Conservation Technology Strategy ---- Part 15: Energy Bank: Fund for Energy Efficiency and CO2 Reduction ---- Part 16: CO2 Emission Reduction from Government Operations ---- Part 17: Cool Earth Energy Innovative Technology Plan -- Mexico ---- Part 01: Training Programme for Specialists in Electric Energy Savings ---- Part 02: Green Mortgage Programme (Hipoteca Verde) -- New Zealand ---- Part 01: Lighting Efficiency Stakeholder Group Established ---- Part 02: Energy Domain Plan ---- Part 03: Electricity Levy to Support CFL Installation ---- Part 04: Star-Rating Scheme for Home Energy Efficiency ---- Part 05: New Zealand Energy Strategy to 2050 ---- Part 06: New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy ---- Part 07: Insulation Subsidy ---- Part 08: Innovation Fund for Water Heating ---- Part 09: Home Energy Ratings Scheme ---- Part 10: Energy Wise Homes Package ---- Part 11: Carbon Neutral Public Service ---- Part 12: Low Carbon Energy Technologies Fund ---- Part 13: Efficient Lighting Strategy -- Norway ---- Part 01: Energy Performance of Buildings ---- Part 02: Commission on Low Emissions - Final Strategic Report Published ---- Part 03: White Paper on National Climate Policy -- Poland ---- Part 01: Energy Policy of Poland Until 2025 ---- Part 02: Certificate of Origin Trading System ---- Part 03: Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Part 04: Amendment to 1997 Energy Law -- Portugal ---- Part 01: Lightbulb Tax Funds Carbon Credit Purchase ---- Part 02: Building Code Upgrade: Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems ---- Part 03: Building Certification Program -- Russia ---- Part 01: Federal Code of Practice ---- Part 02: Regional Codes for Energy Efficient Buildings -- Slovak Republic ---- Part 01: Slovak Republic New Energy Policy ---- Part 02: Environmental Fund ---- Part 03: Energy Performance of Buildings ---- Part 04: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Part 05: Promotion of high efficiency cogeneration (CHP) -- South Africa ---- Part 01: Energy Efficiency Strategy of the Republic of South Africa ---- Part 02: Energy Efficiency Accord ---- Part 03: State Utility Distributes Free and Subsidized CFLs ---- Part 04: Energy Efficient Motors Programme ---- Part 05: Vision, Strategic Direction and Framework for Climate Policy -- South Korea ---- Part 01: Tax breaks on energy saving investments ---- Part 02: "Kids' ISO 14000 Program" for Energy Conservation and GHG Reduction ---- Part 03: e-Standby Programme -- Spain ---- Part 01: Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2005 – 2007 ---- Part 02: Building Technical Code - Solar Panel Requirements / Implementation of the EPBD ---- Part 03: Implementation of the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive ---- Part 04: Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2008-2012 -- Sweden ---- Part 01: Energy Efficient Home Consumer Campaign ---- Part 02: Energy Declaration of Buildings Act - Incentives for Investment in Lower-Energy Buildings ---- Part 03: Commission on Oil Independence: Final Report, Targets Published ---- Part 04: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- United Kingdom ---- Part 01: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ---- Part 02: Climate Change Communications Initiative ---- Part 03: Northern Ireland - Efficiency Upgrade for Building Regulations ---- Part 04: Northern Ireland - Customer Energy Efficiency Levy Review ---- Part 05: National Action Plan on Sustainable Procurement: "Procuring the Future" ---- Part 06: Microgeneration Strategy ---- Part 07: Market Transformation Programme - Standards for SEEEM membership ---- Part 08: Market Transformation Programme - Publication of Appliance Efficiency Cost/Benefit Analysis ---- Part 09: Market Transformation Programme - Partnership with China ---- Part 10: Low Carbon Buildings Programme ---- Part 11: Energy Review ---- Part 12: Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (Energy Efficiency Commitment 3) ---- Part 13: Building Regulations Part L ---- Part 14: Voluntary Agreement on the Phase Out of Incandescent Light Bulbs ---- Part 15: Low Carbon Transport Innovation Strategy ---- Part 16: International Task Force for Sustainable Products (ITFSP) ---- Part 17: Green Homes Service ---- Part 18: Environmental Transformation Fund ---- Part 19: Energy White Paper - Meeting the Challenge ---- Part 20: Energy Technologies Institute ---- Part 21: Energy Efficiency Loans for Small or Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) ---- Part 22: Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) -- United States of America ---- State Energy Efficiency Programmes ------ Michigan Energy Technology -- 11 fact sheets on photovoltaics ---- What is PV? ---- Future of PV Market ---- Status of PV industry ---- PV energy balance ---- External costs of PV ---- Competitiveness ---- PV for rural electrification ---- R&D and industry cooperation ---- Integration of PV in the grid ---- Off-grid PV is competitive ---- PV - a strategic business area -- Blue Energy ---- 1. Introduction ---- 2. Entropy of mixing ------ 2.1. Vapor pressure ------ 2.2. Osmotic pressure ------ 2.3. Reverse Electrodialysis ---- 3. Desalination by RO and ED ---- 4. Energy Production by PRO and RED ---- 5. Potential of energy production by Blue Energy ---- 6. State of Development ---- 7. Integration into the electricity system ---- 8. Foreseen Developments -- Desalination for producing fresh water ---- Desalination by cogeneration and renewable energy -- The Power of the Oceans - an eBook ---- AquaBuOY ------ AquaBuOY prototype animation ---- Pico plant ------ Turbine exhaust (“Bellmouth”) at rear of plant ------ Exhaust of the relief valve in heavy sea ------ Wave splashing over plant on an autumn day ------ Front view ------ Major components ------ Interior of plant ---- Seawave Slot-Cone generator (SSG) ---- Wave Dragon -- Underground High Voltage Cables: Wiring Europe for the Future ---- 1. Environmental Module ------ 1.1. Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) ------ 1.2. Land issues ------ 1.3. Recyclability ---- 2. Regulation ------ 2.1. Basic mechanisms ------ 2.2. Regulatory drivers -------- EU Regulatory Environments for Power Transmission -------- Financial Risks for Investors in Regulated Transmission Systems -------- Overview of EU Transmission Regulation -------- Regulatory regimes -------- The Trans-European Energy Networks Programme -------- Transmission Costs Across Europe ------ 2.3. Investment Behaviour and the Cost of Project Delays ---- 3. Underground Cable Case Studies ------ Case Study 1: Use of Cables in Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty ------ Case Study 2: Cables Enable Development of Valuable Project at Madrid Airport ------ Case Study 3: How Protests Can Delay Overhead Line Projects ------ Case Study 4: Cables Enable Reinforcement of the Grid in a Built-Up Area ------ Case Study 5: Building a Business Case for Power Projects in Sweden -------- How Transmission Systems Deal with Failures ---- 4. System Reliability ------ 4.1. Reliability of Cables and Lines -------- How Transmission Systems Deal with Failures -------- The N-1 criterion for power transmission ------ 4.2. Failure Case Studies and Correction -------- Case Studies and Impacts -------- Failure Statistics for Overhead Lines and Underground Cables -------- Storm, Weather Damage and Accidents ------ 4.3. Technical Improvement -------- Detecting faults -------- Installation -------- Maintenance ------ 4.4. Testing and Development -------- Pictures of Testing Facilities -------- Testing Standards ---- 5. Life Cycle Module ------ 5.1. Installation Costs -------- Relative Cost Figures -------- Relative Costs When Life Cycle Issues are Included ------ 5.2. Transmission Losses ------ 5.3. Planning Delays -------- Delaying Wind Power in the UK ------ 5.4. Replacement Cycles European Power Quality Survey -- Poor Power Quality costs European business more than 150 billion a year ---- European business is under-investing ---- How much are poor Power Quality events costing you? ---- PQ solutions often cost less than the financial losses they resolve ---- Survey shows significant impact on company turnover ---- What is Power Quality? ---- ‘Cost of poor Power Quality’ Research Project -- Chemical plants suffer from inadequate power supply ---- Electric systems source of high financial losses ---- A week’s lost production caused by 5 seconds’ power failure ---- Equipment fire caused by a voltage surge ---- PQ issues push company into the red ---- Profitable investment opportunities ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions -- Expensive production losses due to inadequate power supply at semiconductor industries ---- Several phenomena affecting production equipment ---- Wide ranging financial losses caused by inadequate Power Quality (PQ) ---- €40 million for one power interruption ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities -- Metals sector not aware of its power quality losses ---- The domino effect of production stoppages ---- Different cost centres blur the reality ---- A high price for an under-designed process system ---- A productivity loss of over €10 million annually ---- 3.4 % of company’s annual turnover being wasted ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities -- No electric power, no media power ---- A wide range of potentially disastrous events ---- Power interruptions play havoc with newspaper printing ---- TV broadcasting company pays high extra cost ---- Profitable investment opportunities ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions -- Pulp and paper manufacturers suffer significant losses ---- Electric power systems still far from immune ---- Power interruptions create significant losses ---- Voltage interruptions and earthing problems ---- Losing a consolidated amount up to 11 per cent of turnover ---- Inexpensive components cause large financial losses ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities ---- Do you know what PQ is costing your pulp & paper factory ? -- Retail sector suffers from power disturbances ---- Several phenomena affecting daily business ---- Financial losses mount up for supermarket chain ---- Profitable investment opportunities ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions -- Power interruptions are often disastrous for the hotel sector ---- The losses impact several business areas. ---- The cost of the solution is often less than the annual losses due to PQ ---- Calamity avoided ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities Expert interviews -- A view on Nuclear Energy ---- 1. Nuclear in Belgium ---- 2. Waste issue ---- 3. Different Technologies ---- 4. Economics ---- 5. Security ---- 6. Cooling Capacity ---- 7. Climate Change and Energy Security ---- 8. The danger of phasing out -- Barriers for wind projects - Strong competition, few suitable sites ---- 1. An increasingly competitive market ---- 2. Suitable sites are scarce ---- 3. Public acceptance is key ---- 4. A sellers market ---- 5. The future of wind energy in Europe -- Combining heat pumps with a PV system - A comfortable zero-emission house ---- [1] Retaining heat from groundwater ---- [2] Little or no maintenance ---- [3] Forced ventilation with heat recuperation ---- [4] Combining various subsidies ---- [5] A three-phased PV system ---- [6] A second heat-pump for sanitary water ---- [7] Cutting consumption ---- [8] Dreaming of going off the grid -- Geopolitics of Energy with Samuele Furfari ---- 1. Man is the real resource ---- 2. Oil dominance ---- 3. Investments in the energy sector ---- 4. Electricity will clearly be the energy carrier of the future ---- 5. Is energy still too cheap? ---- 6. What about energy efficiency? ---- 7. More efficient taxation -- Homes project for buildings: save 20 per cent of electricity by controlling its uses ---- Homes project ---- Rethinking equipment use ---- Sensors common to all sub-systems ---- The example of lighting ---- Solutions at acceptable cost ---- Technological breakthroughs ---- The right user interface: a key advantage ---- Supporting energy services… ---- … that are increasingly specialized ---- Initial efforts already producing positive results ---- Shortcut : The HOMES Project at a glance -- Imagining an energy future ---- Energy planning with LEAP ---- The history behind LEAP ---- Exploring energy scenario's ---- LEAP and its alternatives ---- The effort to develop LEAP, and its long-term sustainability ---- What's next for LEAP? ---- A word about COMMEND -- Randall Bowie on the Energy Services Directive ---- 1. The Energy Services Directive versus the EE Action Plan ---- 2. An Energy Efficiency Action Plan against time ---- 3. What is the baseline and how far does it go back? ---- 4. Following the subsidiarity logic ---- 5. How to monitor implementation and results ---- 6. The public sector as a role model ---- 7. The European Commission as a role model ---- 8. Lack of qualified people could become drawback ---- 9. Notification of the national action plans -- Safe electricity for slum residents - A pilot project in Paraisópolis, São Paulo, Brazil ---- [01] Dangerous and inefficient connections ---- [02] The Slum Electrification and Loss Reduction programme (SERL) ---- [03] Paying electricity bills to become a legal citizen ---- [04] Paying, but for a reduced consumption ---- [05] Utilities reducing the non-technical losses ---- [06] The lessons learned from past experiences ---- [07] The social aspect is key ---- [08] A success among the residential consumers ---- [09] Finding solutions for business consumers ---- [10] Gaining credibility for slum electrification -- Slum electrification in Dakar ---- [01] A massive worldwide problem ---- [02] Rural villages and suburban slums in Sénégal ---- [03] Pikine, the largest slum in the vicinity of Dakar ---- [04] Illegal sub-distribution of electricity ---- [05] Unsafe and inefficient installations ---- [06] Electrification as the start of development ---- [07] Initiating the electrification project ---- [08] Education and social integration are crucial Guide for electrical design engineers -- Chapter 1 : Designing an Uninterruptible Power Supply -- Chapter 2 : Centralised Reactive Power Compensation -- Chapter 3: permissible level of voltage fluctuations for a motor -- Chapter 4 : voltage change during drive start -- Chapter 5 : Mitigation of voltage unbalance How does the electricity system function? -- 1. The basic representation of the system -- 2. Inductive power and its compensation -- 3. Keeping constant voltage and frequency -- 4. Three different types of power stations -- 5. Three different types of loads -- 6. International cooperation -- 7. Security of supply -- 8. Conclusion -- 9. Reference Information center about power quality and energy efficiency for maintenance managers -- Including power quality & energy efficiency in route inspection and predictive maintenance -- Building a power quality monitoring & control system -- Performing or outsourcing power quality and energy efficiency audits -- Ad-hoc measurement techniques for power quality -- Designing a reliability centered maintenance system for your facility Is electric heating making a comeback? -- 1. Pushing passive houses -- 2. Modern way of living, modern energy requirements -- 3. The kWh is not the only cost -- 4. Looking beyond buildings -- 5. The efficiency of electricity generation -- 6. In favour of wind turbines and solar energy -- 7. References -- A. Some advantages of electric heating Leonardo ENERGY video channel Lighting Tutorial -- 1 Introductory notes -- 2 The basics of physics -- 3 The working principle with magnetic ballasts ---- 3.1 Important for getting started: The correct starter ---- 3.2 Operation ---- 3.3 Dimmability and its price -- 4 Possible disturbances with magnetic ballasts ---- 4.1 Emission of disturbances ---- 4.2 Susceptibility to disturbances ---- 4.3 Reliability -- 5 Proper compensation of reactive power with magnetic ballasts ---- 5.1 General issues ---- 5.2 Special aspects when compensating small lamps -- 6 The working principle with electronic ballasts -- 7 Possible disturbances with electronic ballasts ---- 7.1 Emission of disturbances ---- 7.2 Susceptibility to disturbances ---- 7.3 Reliability -- 8 Energy efficiency ---- 8.1 Do away with old rumours ---- 8.2 Old EU Directive ---- 8.3 New EU Directive ---- 8.4 Avoiding avoidable losses in small fluorescent lamps ---- 8.5 How to make magnetic ballasts more efficient than electronic ones ---- 8.6 Are the new T8 lamps with reduced power ratings more efficient? ---- 8.7 Are T5 lamps more efficient? ---- 8.8 Energy savings with dimmable ballasts ---- 8.9 Make sure not to replace losses with losses -- 9 Downloads ---- 9.1 Presentation on lighting in English ---- 9.2 Presentation on lighting in German ---- 9.3 This tutorial in English ---- 9.4 This tutorial is also available in German ---- 9.5 Briefing paper on lighting in German ---- 9.6 Brochure on optimized fluorescent lighting in German Maintenance managers' guide to power quality -- Maintenance managers' guide overview -- The Maintenance Managers’ Guide to PFC Capacitor Banks Micro grids: different structures for various applications -- Active distribution grids -- A Utility micro grid -- Industrial or commercial micro grids -- Remote micro grids -- Summary -- References Power Quality & Utilization Guide -- Introduction ---- Introduction to Power Quality ------ Electrical power as article of trade ------ Reliability of the supply and resilience of the technological proces ------ What do we mean by “power quality”? ------ Power Quality - the problem of supplier and user ------ Power blackouts and voltage dips ------ Power blackouts - supplier’s and consumer’s points of view ------ Reliability - minimising of causes of power cuts ------ Harmonics -origin and responsibility ------ Transients - the next PQ problem ------ Ensure “good enough” power quality ---- Power Quality Self-assessment Guide ------ Typical problems -------- Computer lockups -------- Flickering screens -------- Flickering lights -------- Overheating of transformers at moderate load -------- Induction motors -------- Overheating of conductors due to skin effect -------- Correct functioning of process control equipment -------- Data network congestion -------- Problems with power factor correction equipment -------- Problems with specific (long) lines or when switching heavy loads -------- Overloaded neutrals -------- Nuisance tripping of protective devices -------- Utility claims resulting from harmonics affecting supply ------ Solutions -------- Surge protection -------- UPS (un-interruptible power supply) -------- Back-up generator -------- True RMS measurement -------- Transformer derating -------- Motor derating -------- Dedicated circuit -------- Multiple cables for harmonic loads -------- Complete rewiring of the installation -------- Zoning of electrical loads -------- Meshed earth -------- Passive filters -------- Active conditioners -------- TN-S rewiring -------- Neutral upsizing ------ Conclusion ---- Application Note: Energy Efficiency in Hospitals ---- Energy Efficiency in Hotels ---- Power Quality for Healthcare Facilities ---- Power Quality in Continuous Manufacturing -- Costs ---- Investment analysis for PQ solutions -- Distributed Generation & Renewables ---- Application Note: Introduction to Distributed Generation & Renewables ---- Cogeneration ---- Distributed Generation - Integration & Interconnection ---- Photovoltaic Installations ---- Policy and Incentives on Distributed Generation ---- Small Hydro Power - Investor Guide ---- Wind Farm Development and Operation - A Case Study ---- Wind Power -- Earthing & EMC ---- A Systems Approach to Earthing ---- Earthing Systems - Fundamentals of Calculation and Design -- Energy Efficiency ---- Energy management: self assessment ---- Compressed Air ---- Dielectric Heating ---- Energy efficiency in buildings demystified ---- Induction Heating ---- Industrial Cooling ---- Industrial Heat Pumps ---- Infrared Heating ---- Lighting ---- Motors and Variable Speed Drives ---- Passive Filters ---- Saving energy with high efficiency motors ------ 1 Room for improvement ------ 2 Energy-efficient motors have been around for a long time ------ 3 State regulation? No thanks ------ 4 Classification scheme ------ 5 Other ways to save ------ 6 Measuring techniques ------ 7 Environmental payback ------ 8 Turning to efficiency: copper rotors -------- 8.1 Preliminary work 1: the hot iron effect -------- 8.2 Preliminary work 2: start-up behaviour -------- 8.3 Advantage 1: more torque, more power -------- 8.4 Advantage 2: simplified rotor design -------- 8.5 Advantage 3: extreme conditions and special motors ------ 9 But a variable-frequency drive saves more energy than a better motor… ------ 10 Summary -- Harmonics ---- 3.1 Introduction to Harmonics ------ Causes and effects ------ Types of equipment that generate harmonics -------- Single phase loads -- Resilience & Reliability ---- Improving Reliability with Standby Power Supplies -- Voltage Disturbances ---- Voltage Characteristics of Public Distribution Systems ---- Voltage dips - introduction -- About LPQI (Leonardo Power Quality Initiative) ---- How to join LPQI and become a partner Power Quality Tutorial -- 1. Power Quality Phenomena ---- 1.1 Harmonics ---- 1.2 Short interruptions (< 1min) ---- 1.3 Long interruptions (> 1min) ---- 1.4 Voltage dips and swells ---- 1.5 Transients, surges (switching, lightning) ---- 1.6 Flicker ---- 1.7 Unbalance ---- 1.8 Voltage value (long term undervoltages and overvoltages) ------ Overvoltages ------ Undervoltages ---- 1.9 Earthing and EMC -- 2. Power Quality Problems ---- 2.1 Circuit breakers and RCD’s nuisance tripping ---- 2.2 Computers lock up ---- 2.3 Computers or other electronics are damaged ---- 2.4 Data loss ---- 2.5 Lights flicker, blink, or dim ---- 2.6 Loss of synchronization of processing equipment ---- 2.7 Motors or other process equipment malfunctions ---- 2.8 Motors or process equipment are damaged ---- 2.9 Noise interference to telecommunication lines ---- 2.A Relays and contactors nuisance tripping ---- 2.B Transformers and cables overheating -- 3. Power Quality Solutions ---- 3.1 Back-up generator(s) ---- 3.2 Dynamic voltage restorers ---- 3.3 Harmonic filter (passive) ---- 3.4 Isolation transformers ---- 3.5 Line conditioners or active filters ---- 3.6 Multiple independent feeder ---- 3.7 Oversizing equipment and cables ---- 3.8 Shielding and grounding ---- 3.9 Static transfer switches ---- 3.A Static Var Compensator ---- 3.B Surge protectors on key pieces of equipment ---- 3.C Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) devices ---- 3.D Voltage stabilisers -- 4. PQ phenomena and design issues SEEDT - highlights on European Distribution Transformers -- 1. European distribution transformer population -- 2. European distribution transformers losses and efficiency -- 3. Time Perspective -- 4. Energy Efficiency saving potential Synergies between energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy systems (RES) -- Public Benefit Funds for EE and RES -- Energy Efficiency Resource Standards (EERS) and Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) -- Zero-energy homes: reducing residential energy consumption -- A corporate policy for green power and energy efficiency -- Austin Energy municipal utility: a pioneer in combining EE with RES -- Efficient use of Landfill Gas Ten business opportunities for the electrical contracting sector -- 1. Smart homes and offices -- 2. Smart ageing: independent living for elderly people -- 3. Telemedicine: medical home care -- 4. Energy management -- 5. Photovoltaic systems: catching up? -- 6. Heat pumps: the revelation of the past decade -- 7. Domestic CHPs: ancient technology, modern application -- 8. Electric heating: making a comeback? -- 9. Powering the digital economy: robust design & extensive circuit monitoring -- A. Renovation for safety and comfort: underestimated risks? Ten “Factor Ten” solutions -- Amorphous distribution transformers -- Computers -- Continuous Current -- Heat Recovery Ventilation -- Hybrid vehicles -- LEDs -- Low Energy Buildings -- Moving at long distance -- Moving at short distance -- Non-standby and autonomous appliances The Big 6 environmental impact categories -- Acidification Potential (AP) -- Eutrophication Potential (EP) -- Global Warming Potential (GWP) -- Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) -- Primary energy consumption The first micro grid in The Netherlands: Bronsbergen -- Configuration -- Objectives -- Research The residential micro grid of Am Steinweg in Stutensee, Germany -- Configuration -- Energy Management -- Source The XVI International Congress on Electricity Applications in a Modern World -- Opening session ---- A promising high efficiency technology for the induction heating of aluminium billets ---- CIGRE/CIRED/UIE JWG C4.110, Voltage dip immunity of equipment in installations, scope and status of the work, April 2008 ---- Electromagnetic and thermal analysis of induction heating of billets by rotation in DC magnetic field ---- Finite element analysis of heating by workpiece rotation in DC magnetic fields ---- How to electrify one fourth of the world population ---- Investigation on energy recovering in an induction coil for continuous through heating billet -- Session 1 ---- Investigation and design of induction assisted welding processes ---- Use of EM fields in production processes for PV cells ---- Use of Frequency Control to Optimize Induction Axle Scan Hardening ---- Validation of Electromagnetic-Thermal Coupled Modelling of Levitation Melting -- Session 2 ---- Control system of the inductive crucible mixer with indirect estimation of the temperature ---- Energy efficient use of electricity in metallurgical processes ---- Induction processing of liquid materials ---- LES of heat and mass exchange in channel induction furnaces ---- Solution of a hot spot problem of the housing of a channel induction furnace -- Session 3 ---- Live line maintenances in Poland -- Session 4 ---- Advanced energy saving induction heating technologies in the steel industry and its modeling ---- Electromagnetic forming - an efficient technology for metallic sheet processing ---- Methods of determination of dynamic properties of induction heated multi input – multi output systems ---- Modelling the temperature homogeneity of the glass melt obtained by EM action ---- New innovative induction system for the production of pure high temperature glasses -- Session 5 ---- Electromagnetic metamaterials and new aspects of electricity ---- Energy saving technologies and equipment from ESTEL ---- Fuzzy modelling of chosen electroheat systems ---- Modeling of the AC-EAF process using computational intelligence methods ---- Simulation of continual induction heating of nonferromagnetic bodies using integrodifferential approach -- Session 6 ---- Application of some electrode systems for local measurements with conduct-metrical method ---- Energy efficiency policy in European Union ---- Monitoring system of power quality in network -- Poster Session 1 ---- Calculations of the induction heating system with the monitoring of thermal stress in the charge ---- Efficiency criteria for induction heating applications ---- Induction heating of steel strips and thin slabs ---- Mathematical modelling of induction hardening on view of thermal stresses ---- Peculiarities of electrotechnological units power supply with the use of complex form current ---- Structure and crystallization of melts in the ZrO2Al2O3 system ---- The optimization of an inductor position for minimization of a liquid metal free surface ---- Voltage transformer operation in connection with the power quality ---- Weak conducting material melt flow in crossed EM fields -- Poster Session 2 ---- Estimation of chosen parameters influence on induction hardening process of gears ---- Fan and series motor aggregate energy effectivity ---- Highly efficient plasma technologies using powerful high-frequency and microwave emission sources ---- Investigation of the free-burning arc in argon ---- Methods of calculation of induction-resistive pipeline heating systems ---- Simultaneous effects of convection and thermal radiation as a generalized boundary condition of temperature fields of ... ---- Time-optimal control of energy-efficient heating of aluminium billets rotating in DC magnetic field Voltage dips at an automobile manufacturer -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem description -- 3 Relation between dips and process interruptions -- 4 Immunization options -- 5 Conclusions and recommendations Future Power Systems -- Future Power Systems 1 - the Balance principle, Frequency and the Grid -- Future Power Systems 2 - Matching - Monitoring and Predicting Generation and Demand -- Future Power Systems 3 - Main Plant characteristics -- Future Power Systems 4 - Renewable and Distributed Generation -- Future Power Systems 5 - Classic "Passive" Distribution -- Future Power Systems 6 - More Distributed Generation -- Future Power Systems 7 - Active Distribution management -- Future Power Systems 8 - The 'Active' customer -- Future Power Systems 9 - Configure for DER management -- Future Power Systems 10 - The customer and the industry -- Future Power Systems 11 - New data from the customer to the Industry -- Future Power Systems 12 - New data from the Industry to the customer -- Future Power Systems 13 - Intelligent Buildings and Processes -- Future Power Systems 14 - Premises Power Profile and DER control -- Future Power Systems 15 - Data Logistics -- Future Power Systems 16 - Data standards, Metering and Settlement -- Future Power Systems 17 - DER Market and Matching -- Future Power Systems 19 - DER Participation in Operator Timescales -- Future Power Systems 18 - DER Participation in Market Timescales
