DC power distribution for server farms -- Introduction -- Power distribution architectures ---- AC power distribution ---- DC power distribution -- Reliability -- Efficiency -- Promising emerging technologies for supporting DC power distribution -- Status of DC distribution in industry -- Conclusions -- References eceee 2007 Summer Study -- Panel 1: The foundations of a future energy policy. Longer term strategies ---- A step into the unknown: feed-in tariff for energy saving ---- Call for oil independence – highlights the need for energy efficiency ---- Carbon governance from a systems perspective: an investigation of food production and consumption in the UK ---- Developing a strategy to speed up large-scale adoption of compressed-natural-gas-driven (CNG) cars ---- Enough is as good as a feast: sufficiency as policy ---- Financing energy efficiency investments in the housing sector and small-scale energy systems ---- Integrating policies for renewables and energy efficiency: Comparing results from Germany, Luxembourg and Northern Ireland ---- Liberating energy analysis ---- Microgrids: An emerging paradigm for meeting building electricity and heat requirements efficiently and with appropriate energy ---- Mission possible: bringing end-use energy efficiency to the European Emissions Trading Scheme ---- Reaching our potential: a framework for making the most of microgeneration technologies ---- Social acceptability of climate change policies ---- Strategic fit of energy efficiency (Strategic and cultural dimensions of energy-efficiency investments) ---- Sustainable energy end use from a systems perspective ---- The blessings of energy efficiency in an enhanced EU sustainability scenario ---- The UKERC Meeting Place: a new model for stimulating the energy debate ---- Turning the appliance market around towards A++ ---- Which allocation rule generates true price signals for the CO2 allowance market? ---- Will efficient technologies save the world? A call for new thinking on the ways that end-use technologies affect energy use -- Panel 2: Strategies and general policies ---- A turning point for the “Intelligent Energy Europe” programme ---- Achieving energy savings in the residential and service sector: A challenging case study ---- Applied policy measures for energy savings in end-use sectors in EU-countries: what is best? ---- Development of the Dutch Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Energy efficiency initiatives: Indian experience ---- Energy efficiency representation in the EU: the missing links and options ---- European Commission Action Plan on Energy Efficiency – From the public consultation to the real outcomes for stakeholders ---- How to kick start a market for EPC Lessons learned from a mix of measures in Sweden ---- Implementation aspects of the EU Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services in Germany ---- Increasing energy efficiency in government institutions ---- Investments in energy saving measures in Italy and UK: the impact of national support schemes ---- Is there a silver bullet? – A comparative assessment of twenty policy instruments applied worldwide ---- Latest developments of the ESCO industry across Europe ---- Linking promotion strategies for RES-E and for demand-side conservation in a dynamic European electricity market ---- Simulating a European-wide white certificates scheme: design issues and main lessons ---- Smart electricity metering as an energy efficiency instrument: Comparative analyses of regulation and market conditions in EU ---- Supply chain and government collaboration ---- Taking out one billion tons of CO2: the magic of China’s 11th five year plan? ---- The action of EDF in end-use energy efficiency ---- Toothless tiger? Is the EU action plan on energy efficiency sufficient to reach its target? ---- Transaction costs of energy efficiency policy instruments ---- White Certificates for energy efficiency improvement with energy taxes: A theoretical economic model -- Panel 3: Local and regional activities ---- 3-fold initiative for energy planning and sustainable development at local level (3-NITY) ---- A review of initiatives to reduce energy-related CO2 emissions from the city of Oxford: past, present and future ---- A successful strategy for energy efficient public buildings ---- ACT LOCAL – in a European wide network – e5 and the European Energy Award ---- Bolder Boulder: A city’s quest to meet Kyoto when federal policies fail ---- Does the promotion of photovoltaics in schools influence energy behaviours: An evaluation of a solar schools initiative ---- Energy savings from intelligent metering and behavioural change in local and regional public sector buildings ---- Energy Survival: entertainment as a resource for local energy actions ---- Intelligent street lighting in Oslo, Norway ---- Light Bulb Fund Raiser leverages community groups in energy efficiency and peak shaving initiative ---- Local government energy action in the UK: from service delivery to community leadership ---- Micro-financing of renewable energy systems ---- Sustainable energy in disadvantaged communities: New approaches from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary and Slovakia ---- The impact of the EU Emission Trading Scheme on the diffusion of climate protection innovations ---- The Rõuge renewable energy park: En route to zero-CO2 community in rural Estonia ---- Wind power planning in France (Aveyron), from State regulation to local planning ---- “klima:aktiv energieeffiziente betriebe” (climate:active energy efficient companies) -- Panel 4: Monitoring and evaluation ---- Evaluating the impact of energy labelling and MEPS – a retrospective look at the case of refrigerators in the UK and Australia ---- How much energy saving is 1 % per year? ---- Uncertainties in the evaluation of energy savings potential -- Panel 6: Products and Appliances ---- Accounting for electricity consumption in buildings and evaluating the saving potential ---- Do energy efficient appliances cost more? ---- Energy efficiency and conservation: Is solid state lighting a bright idea? -- Panel 9: Dynamics of Consumption eceee 2009 Summer Study -- Panel 1: Panel 1. The foundations of future energy policies: Initiating change and breaking walls ---- Energy efficiency as a resource in the ISO New England forward capacity market ---- The savings of energy saving: quantifying interactions between energy supply and demand side policies for Portugal eCourse on Integrated Home Systems -- Chapter 1 - Definition of integrated home systems ---- 1. Introduction ---- 2. The situation without integrated home systems ------ 2.1. History of the electrical installation -------- 2.1.1. The traditional electrical installation -------- 2.1.2. The installation with remote-controlled switches -------- 2.1.3. Lighting control systems -------- 2.1.4. Other intelligent control systems ------ 2.2. Electricity clients in the home ------ 2.3. Quality time ------ 2.4. Problem ---- 3. Definition of integrated home systems ---- 4. Analysis of the definition ------ 4.1. Integrated system -------- 4.1.1. Example of integration ------ 4.2. All electrical equipment ------ 4.3. Home ------ 4.4. Increasing comfort ------ 4.5. Increasing flexibility -------- 4.5.1. Long term flexibility -------- 4.5.2. Short term flexibility ------ 4.6. Increasing communication ------ 4.7. Increasing safety and security -------- 4.7.1. Fire protection -------- 4.7.2. Security against burglars -------- 4.7.3. The panic button -------- 4.7.4. Personal alarm ------ 4.8. Improving energy consumption ---- 5. Integrated home systems versus other systems ------ 5.1. Home automation ------ 5.2. Building automation -- Chapter 2 - Integrated home system functions ---- 1. Introduction ---- 2. Thinking in terms of integrated home systems versus traditional thinking ------ The intentions of the residents ---- 3. Functions in integrated home systems ------ Example ---- 4. Specific functions of integrated home systems ------ 4.1. Light path to the children's room ------ 4.2. Light path to the WC ------ 4.3. Little Eva is awake ------ 4.4. Surgeon D. is on call ------ 4.5. Corridor lighting 100% during the day and 30% at night ------ 4.6. Mood buttons in the living room and kitchen ------ 4.7. Intelligent all out button ------ 4.8. Bathroom fan ------ 4.9. Stairwell controller with flashing LED ---- 5. Identifying requirements -- Chapter 3 - The integrated home system file ---- 1. Introduction ---- 2. Drawing with a computer ------ 2.1. Using layers ---- 3. Definition of the problem ------ 3.1. The architect's drawings ------ 3.2. Addition of an integrated home system pushbutton ---- 4. The integrated home system file ------ 4.1. Collecting information ------ 4.2. The order of the work ------ 4.3. Drawing the floor plans -------- 4.3.1. The layer for the lights -------- 4.3.2. The power sockets layer -------- 4.3.3. The motors layer -------- 4.3.4. The other consumers -------- 4.3.5. The pushbuttons -------- 4.3.6. The touch panels -------- 4.3.7. The motion detectors -------- 4.3.8. The light sensors -------- 4.3.9. The temperature sensors -------- 4.3.10. Other sensors and subsystems ------ 4.4. The spreadsheets -------- 4.4.1. The list of consumers -------- 4.4.2. The list of pushbuttons ---------- Example -------- 4.4.3. Other lists -------- 4.4.4. The connection of the pushbuttons ------ 4.5. Additional drawings ------ 4.6. The single-line diagram -------- 4.6.1. Overvoltage protection -------- 4.6.2. The integrated home system relays -------- 4.6.3. Dimmers -------- 4.6.4. Motors ------ 4.7. Drawing of the distribution box ------ 4.8. Benefits of the integrated home system file -- Chapter 4 - Integrated home systems, a technical examination ---- 1. Centralised, decentralised or semi-centralised intelligence ------ 1.1. Centralised systems -------- 1.1.1. Advantages and disadvantages of centralised systems ------ 1.2. Decentralised systems -------- Advantages and disadvantages of decentralised systems ------ 1.3. Semi-centralised systems ---- 2. Topology ------ 2.1. Star topology ------ 2.2. Bus topology ------ 2.3. Tree topology or free topology ---- 3. Media used ------ 3.1. Multicable ------ 3.2. TP Twisted Pair ------ 3.3. PL Powerline ------ 3.4. Coax ------ 3.5. Radio frequency ------ 3.6. Infrared ------ 3.7. Optical fibre ---- 4. Integrated home system components ------ 4.1. The consumers ------ 4.2. The actuators ------ 4.3. The sensors -------- 4.3.1. Switches and pushbuttons -------- 4.3.2. Operating panels -------- 4.3.3. Voltage-free contacts -------- 4.3.4. Touch screen -------- 4.3.5. The touch window -------- 4.3.6. RF transmitters -------- 4.3.7. Infrared remote controls -------- 4.3.8. Telephone (fixed and mobile) -------- 4.3.9. Motion detectors -------- 4.3.10. Presence detectors -------- 4.3.11. Smoke detectors -------- 4.3.12. Gas detectors -------- 4.3.13. Magnetic contacts -------- 4.3.14. Thermostats -------- 4.3.15. Temperature sensors -------- 4.3.16. Level sensors -------- 4.3.17. Water leak detector -------- 4.3.18 Humidity detectors -------- 4.3.19. Light sensors -------- 4.3.20. Wind sensors -------- 4.3.21. Rain sensors -------- 4.3.22. Weather station -------- 4.3.23. The PDA -------- 4.3.24. The computer -------- 4.3.25. Card readers and proximity readers -------- 4.3.26. Code panels -------- 4.3.27. Biometric detectors ---- 5. Safety and security in and around the home ------ 5.1. Positioning of integrated home system components in wet rooms ------ 5.2. Manual operation of roll-down shutters and doors ------ 5.3. Switching off outdoor power points ------ 5.4. Take care with clocks ---- 6. Installation techniques and tips ------ 6.1. Protecting relay modules ------ 6.2. Fitting overvoltage protection ------ 6.3. Avoiding large loops with integrated home systems cables ------ 6.4. Drawing up a risk assessment ------ 6.5. EMC ------ 6.6. CE mark ------ 6.7. Earthing of modules ------ 6.8. Use the specified cables ------ 6.9. Respect the maximum distances ------ 6.10. Use of screening ------ 6.11. Keep cables with different voltages away from one another ------ 6.12. Use of multicable ------ 6.13. Labelling cables and wires ------ 6.14. Good connecting techniques ------ 6.15. Fitting terminating resistors ------ 6.16. Filters in powerline systems ------ 6.17. Note the addresses of bus participants ------ 6.18. Calculation of the power supply ------ 6.19. Select the right relay contacts -------- 6.19.1. Resistive loads -------- 6.19.2. Inductive loads -------- 6.19.3. Capacitive loads -------- 6.19.4. Switch-on currents ------ 6.20. Connection of tube motors ------ 6.21. Operating components at a usable height ------ 6.22. Positioning of thermostats or temperature sensors ------ 6.23. Maintaining flexibility -------- 6.23.1. Multicable -------- 6.23.2. Separate cabling for pushbuttons ---- 7. Links to producers -- Chapter 5 - Structured cabling in the home ---- 1. Introduction ---- 2. The basics ---- 3. The traditional installation method ---- 4. Smart installation methods ------ 4.1. Abitana ------ 4.2. Gardy (Schneider Electric) ------ 4.3. Reichle & De-Massari ---- 5. Installation tips ---- 6. Links to producers Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation -- EPQU Journal Volume 13 Issue 2 -- EPQU Magazine Volume 3 Issue 1 ---- About EPQU Magazine ---- Featured content ---- Video interviews ---- Reader questions and answers ---- Reader contribution ---- 13th IEEE International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP) -- Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electric Power Quality and Utilisation ---- Plenary presentations ------ A New Vision of PQ Research for the Next 10 Years ---- Distributed Generation and Renewable Energies ------ A New Heuristic Network Reconfiguration Algorithm for Radial Distribution System ------ A Study of Electric Power Quality using Storage System in Distributed Generation ------ An Anti-islanding Control System for Distributed Generation Plants with Synchronous Machines ------ Analyzing the quality of supply under the insight of DC networks ------ Assess the impact of photovoltaic generation systems on low-voltage network: software analysis tool development ------ Comparison between solar and wind energy in Lebanon ------ Compensation of Fast Changing Loads - Application Example Wind Turbines ------ Control of a DFIG-based wind system in presence of large grid faults: analysis of voltage ride through capability ------ Coordinated Reactive Compensation in a Wind Park ------ Designing Fault-Tolerant Power Infrastructure ------ Development and implementation of a Condition Monitoring System in a Substation ------ Distributed Generation and Renewable Energy Sources in Poland ------ Distributed Generation Impact on Voltage Sags in Distribution Networks ------ Exploitation of renewable power sources for local consumers' Reservation ------ Field Demonstration on Multiple Power Quality Supply System in Sendai, Japan ------ Grid Connected Wind Turbine-Fuel Cell Power System Having Power Quality Issues ------ IEC 61850 as a flexible tool for electrical systems Monitoring ------ Impact of Distributed Generation over Power Losses on Distribution System ------ Impact of embedded generation on the voltage quality of distribution networks ------ Improving power quality with coordinated voltage control in networks with dispersed generation ------ Innovative training techniques to account for power quality issues when deploying Distributed Energy Resources ------ Micro storage and Demand Side Management in distributed PV grid-connected installati ------ Reliability and Continuity of Supply ------ Reliability of large power units in probabilistic approach ------ Steady State Model of 100kWe SOFC Power Conditioning System ------ Study of Power Fluctuation from Dispersed Generations and loads and its impact on a Distribution Network ------ Study on Adaptive Power System Stabilizing Control ------ The Load Flow Calculation in Harmonic Polluted Radial Electric Networks with Distributed Generation ------ Estimation of Energy Losses in a Wind Park ------ Harmonic effects caused by large scale PV installations in LV network ---- Education ------ A Free Simulator Program for Teaching Power Quality Concepts ------ Laboratory of Distributed Generation ------ Power quality between necessity and tradition in master courses curricula of Romanian electrical engineering faculties ------ Power quality education using a remote monitoring laboratory ---- EMC ------ Analysis of HV and MV Networks Faults Effect on Short Drops ------ Assessment of Electromagnetic Disturbances Transfer between Networks ------ Earthing System’s Design in Presence of Non-uniform Soil ------ Effects of voltage sags on different types of ballasts for 150-W HPS lamps ------ Feasibility Study of Advancing and Sitting up Power Line Communication (PLC) System under Environment of EMC on the Ships ------ Flicker Impact on 150 W HPS Lamps of Different Ages ------ Frequency Converters as Generators of Interharmonics ------ Frequency Determination in a Single-Phase Voltage Signal using Adaptative Notch Filters ------ High Voltage Auxiliary Power Supply with the Simplified Power Circuit Topology for the DC Trains ------ Human Exposure to Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields inside a Very High Voltage Power Station ------ Magnetic field reduction study for low voltage distribution panels located in MV/LV substations ------ Magnetic Lossess Simulation in PM SM Drive by FE: Harmonic Superposition by Method of Locked Rotor ------ Numerical Methods for Induced Voltage Evaluation in Electromagnetic Interference Problems ------ Possible Design of Bus Bar Construction for Matrix Converter ------ Virtual Synchronous Machine ------ Voltage Quality Improvement in Distribution Networks ---- Energy Efficiency ------ Energy efficiency of distribution transformers in Europe ------ Energy Efficient Transformer Selection Implementing Life Cycle Costs and Environmental Externalities ------ Standby Power Consumption in Belgium ------ The High-Frequency Interferences Produced in Systems Including Pulse Width Modulation Inverter and AC Motors ------ Total Reliable Efficiency (TRE) - A global approach for continuous energy improvement ------ Utilization of the standard-voltage-range in low-voltage networks for the usage of Local-Energy-Controllers without affecting PQ ---- Harmonics ------ Application Examples of Broadband Active Harmonic Filter Systems in Four Specific Industries ------ Choice of harmonic filters for high voltage networks with distributed nonlinear load ------ Harmonics Consideration of a RSFCL in a 11kV Distribution System ------ Power System Harmonic Estimation Using Neural Networks ------ Practical Application of a Method for Determining Customer and Utility Harmonic Contributions ------ Reducing Heat in a Transformer and increasing its Loading Capacity, by decreasing the Percentage of Harmonics and Reactive Power ---- Markets, economic aspects ------ Analysis of Electrical Power Sale Costs by the Use of “Sensitivity Analysis” Method ------ Analysis of the Main Norms (standards) and Laws on Electrical Energy in Europe and Romania ------ Creating a Regulatory Framework for Voltage Quality ------ Economical Damage due to Low Power Quality ------ Electrical Power Delivery improvement in Portugal through Quality Function Deployment ------ Methodology for Assessment of Financial Losses due to Voltage Sags and Short Interruptions ------ Need of Voltage Quality Regulation in the Future Electricity Infrastructure ------ Overview of Electricity Deregulation, Power Quality and Energy Efficiency Studies in Turkey ------ Pan-European Power Quality Survey ------ Planning for “High Quality” Distribution Networks ------ Power Quality in Romanian Electricity Market ------ The costs of keeping reliability of electrical devices in Power Entreprise ------ Voltage Quality Issues in a Competitive Electricity Market ---- Power Quality measurement ------ Power Quality Monitoring System - Voltage Dips and Short Interruptions ------ A New Approach to Reactive Power Calculation of the Static VAr Compensator ------ A New Ultra-low-cost Power Quality Measurement Technology ------ Adaptive digital synchronization of measuring window in low-cost DSP power quality measurement Systems ------ An assessment of distortions of supply voltage waveform in All-Electric Ship Power Network - Case Study ------ An Experimental Evaluation of Short-Time Flicker Index ------ Building permanent PQ monitoring system on MV network in Elektra Zagreb, Croatia ------ Data System for The Monitoring of Power Quality in The Transmission Substations Supplying Big Consumers ------ Development of a Photovoltaic Array Emulator System based on a Full-Bridge Structure ------ DFT algorithm analysis in low-cost power quality measurement systems based on a DSP processor. ------ Estimation of power system parameters based on load variance observations – laboratory studies ------ Field Measurements on Wind Turbines: a Voltage Dip Characterization under the Spanish Grid Code ------ Flickermeter Used for Different Types of Lamps ------ GPS-synchronized harmonic measurements performed on a 400kV transmission network ------ Influence of Power Factor Compensating Capacitors on Estimation of Harmonic Distortion ------ Methods for power quality analysis according to EN 50160 ------ Metrological Supervision of Electrical Energy Meters in Substations up to 35 kV ------ Monitoring Power Quality beyond EN 50160 and IEC 61000-4-30 ------ New Developments in Power Quality Immunity and Voltage Sag Standards: Hands-on Applications in North America, Asia, and Europe ------ Power Quality Effects on the Measurement of Reactive Power in Three-Phase Power Systems in the Light of the IEEE Standard 1459-2 ------ Power Quality Monitoring in the Romanian High Voltage Grid ------ Single-Point Strategies for the Detection of Harmonic Sources in Power Systems ------ System of Monitoring Power Quality Parameters in Real Time ------ The design and construction of a power quality Parameters Recorder ------ The impact of FIFA World Cup 2006 on Power Quality in the electric distribution systems ------ The importance of IEC 61000-4-30 Class A for the Coordination of Power Quality Levels ------ Validation techniques of network harmonic models based on switching of a series linear component and measuring resultant harmoni ---- PQ Improvement and distributed loads ------ A Control Algorithm for Hybrid Compensation of Fast Varying Loads ------ A new power supply system for AC Contactor Ride-through ------ Active Compensation of Harmonics in Industrial Applications ------ Active Earthing System to Optimise Power Quality in MV Networks ------ Application of DSTATCOM compensators for mitigation of power quality disturbances in low voltage grid with distributed generatio ------ Central Control System Based on Genetic Algorithms to Improve Power Quality ------ Control of Dynamic Voltage Restorer using TMS320F2812 ------ Damped-Type Double Tuned Filters Design for HVDC Systems ------ Dynamic Harmonic Mitigation and Power Factor Correction ------ Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) Using Three Dimensional Space Vector PWM Control Algorithm ------ Electric Arc Furnace Modelling from a 'Power Quality' Point of View ------ Electrical Power Quality Improvement using a DSP Controlled Active Power Filter ------ Harmonic Emission of Double Stage Converter for Auxiliary Services in Electric Trains ------ Improving the Voltage Regulation of Secondary Feeders by Applying Solid-State Tap Changers to MV/LV Transformers ------ Inductive Decoupling of Low-Voltage Sub-Networks ------ Integrated Approach for Power Quality requirements at the Point of Connection ------ LC Coupled Shunt Active Power Filter (APF): New topology and control method ------ Matrix Converter for Reducing Harmonics in Micro-Turbine Generation System ------ Modeling for Passive Hybrid Filter Performance Analysis ------ Optimization of the Compensation of a Meshed MV Network by a Modified Genetic Algorithm ------ PFC units sizing in steel factory harmonics environment: a case study ------ Photovoltaic-inverters as Active Filters to improve Power Quality in the Grid. What can State-of-the-art Equipment Achieve? ------ Problems of Passive Filters Application in System with Varying Frequency ------ Propagation of Unbalance in Electric Power Systems ------ Recursive Control for Active Power Filters ------ Techno-economic Improvement of Voltage Sag Performance with FACTS Devices ------ Voltage Phase Controller for Power Systems ------ Voltage Sag Cost Reduction With Optimally Placed FACTS Devices ---- Reliability and Continuity of Supply ------ Decentralized control of a different rated parallel UPS systems ------ Design of Emergency Power Systems for Reliable Uninterrupted High Power Applications ------ Development of Search Space Establishment-less Type High Speed Genetic Algorithm Considering Mutation Rate ------ Electrical Power Quality Improvement In the Eastern European Region ------ Methodologies and Tools for Electric Power System Reliability Assessment on HL I and HL II Levels ------ New Power Quality Solutions Custom Designed For Industrial Applications ------ Problems of deployment of RC switching elements in distribution MV networks for improving reliability of power supply ------ Reactive power control in transmission network as a tool for reliable supply ------ Regulation of the Electricity Supply Continuity and Decision Making of Distribution Companies ------ Reliability Analysis of Distribution Networks ------ Reliability Centered Maintenance ------ Selection criteria of high-power static UPS ------ The reliability evaluation of a power system in presence of photovoltaic and wind power generation plants and UPS ------ INCA: A Tool for the Assessment and Improvement of Supply Reliability Indices ------ Energy Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa ---- Sensitivity of loads ------ A study of voltage sags in electric motors ------ An Innovative Approach for Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motor by estimation of Rotor Time constant ------ Characterisation of CSS supplied emergency lighting equipment ------ CIGRE/CIRED/UIE JWG C4.110, Voltage dip immunity of equipment in installations ------ Contributions to Analysis of Energetical Performances of Auxiliary Equipments of Luminaires ------ Effects of voltage sags on different types of ballasts for 150-W HPS lamps ------ Electrical Quality Requirements for Scientific Applications. The ALBA Synchrotron Light Source Case ------ Influence of modulation frequency on the properties of the induction motor, which is supplied from frequency converter ------ Methodology for Assessing the Impact of Short-Term Voltage Variations (Sags) on Power Electronic Equipment ------ Power quality problems in unbalanced operations of fault tolerant H-bridge multilevel active front-ends ------ Series-Connected DC-DC Power Converters for Low-Voltage DC Source in Distributed Generation ------ Static Switches for their use on Capacitors Batteries Connection ------ Switching Power Supplies: Analysis of Waveform Distortion and Absorbed Powers ---- Simulation & modelling ------ Analysis of Voltage Profile And Its Improvement In Harmonic Included Distribution Systems ------ ANETO: A System for the Automatic Generation of Theoretical Network Models ------ Case Studies of Harmonic Problems, Analysis, and Solutions on Transmission Systems ------ Computer Aided Online Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motors ------ CPC Power Theory as Control Algorithm of Switching Compensators ------ Evaluation and Trends of Power Quality Indices in Distribution System ------ Fast Varying Loads ------ Flashover Rate due to Lightning in Overhead Distribution Lines ------ Harmonic Current Vector Method with Reference Impedances - Field Measurement Verification ------ Impedance Measurement of a Fuel Cell on Load ------ Limitations of the IRP p-q Theory as Control Algorithm of Switching Compensators ------ Monitoring Harmonic Sources in Distrubtion System by Neural Network Estimator ------ Simulation of Electric Quantities in Lighting Networks ------ Time-Series Load Modelling and Load Forecasting Using Neuro-Fuzzy Techniques ------ Using Complex Adaline for the Direct Symmetrical Components Estimation ------ Visual management of Sags and Incidents gathered in Distribution Substations for Power Quality Management ------ Voltage Estimation in Electrical Distribution Systems -- Register to EPQU tutorials day at EPQU Conference, Barcelona ---- 1-Practical Power Quality at World-wide Industrial and Commercial Sites by Alex Mc Eachern ---- 2-Cost of Power Quality by LPQI & CIGRE ---- 3-Energy storage for power quality & reliability by A T De Almeida & J Delgado ---- 4-Understanding power quality measurement & fault disturbances by David Mueller ---- 5-Evolution of electrical design practice in office buildings between 2000 & 2005 by Angelo Baggini ---- 6-Electric Energy Efficiency System: Costs and Benefits by Juan Martinez Energy Efficiency Policy & Measures -- Australia ---- Part 01: Greenlight Australia ---- Part 02: Funding for Low Emissions Technology and Abatement ---- Part 03: Voluntary Building Industry Initiatives ---- Part 04: Standards for Energy Efficiency of Electric Motor Systems (SEEEM) Membership ---- Part 05: Performance Standards and 5-Star Rating for Buildings: MEPS and NatHERs ---- Part 06: Energy Efficiency Opportunities Programme ---- Part 07: Phase Out of Inefficient Lightbulbs ---- Part 08: National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 ---- Part 09: National Framework for Energy Efficiency (Stage Two) ---- Part 10: Framework Strategy and Planned Emissions Trading Scheme -- Austria ---- Part 01: EE Housing Programmes - Constitutional Treaty Between Austrian Federation and Länder ---- Part 02: Energy Consulting: klima:aktiv leben to Employ Chimney-Sweepers as Climate Ambassadors ---- Part 03: Quick-Check Online Household Energy Efficiency Calculator ---- Part 04: Federal Promotion of Extraordinary Efficiency in Buildings ---- Part 05: Consumer Guide to Energy Efficient Products ---- Part 06: Bilateral Partnerships to Promote Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency ---- Part 07: Expert System for an Intelligent Supply of Thermal Energy in Industry (EINSTEIN) ---- Part 08: Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- Belgium ---- Part 01: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ---- Part 02: Energy Fund Grants for Small-Scale Heat Generation – Wallonia -- Canada ---- Part 01: Sustainable Technology Development Canada ---- Part 02: Energy Retrofit Assistance for Implementation Projects (ERA-I) ---- Part 03: Appliance Standards: Harmonization with Energy Star and California Standards for Beverage Vending Machines ---- Part 04: Appliance Standards: Harmonisation with Energy Star and California Standards for Commercial Freezers and Refrigerators ---- Part 05: Efficiency Upgrade for Dry-Type Transformers ---- Part 06: Efficiency Upgrade and Energy Star-Standard Harmonization for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts ---- Part 07: Turning the Corner: An Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollution ---- Part 08: Trust fund for Clean Air and Climate Change ---- Part 09: ecoENERGY Retrofit - Small and Medium Organizations – Buildings ---- Part 10: ecoENERGY Retrofit – Homes ---- Part 11: ecoEnergy for Industry ---- Part 12: ecoENERGY for Equipment ---- Part 13: ecoENERGY for Buildings and Houses ---- Part 14: ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities ---- Part 15: Standby Power Standards -- China ---- Part 01: Top 1000 Industrial Energy Conservation Programme ---- Part 02: Strategic Plan for Industrial Efficiency ---- Part 03: Energy Efficient Products for Government Procurement - Publication of Official Listing ---- Part 04: Energy Conservation in Government ---- Part 05: Energy Conservation in Buildings ---- Part 06: Efficiency Upgrade for Appliance Production and Public Lighting ---- Part 07: Conversion of Exhaust Heat and Pressure ---- Part 08: National Climate Change Program ---- Part 09: Efficient lightbulb subsidy programme -- Czech Republic ---- Part 01: Energy Management Act ---- Part 02: 2nd National Programme for the years 2006-2009 ---- Part 03: Energy Management Act – Amended -- Denmark ---- Part 01: Energy Strategy 2025 ---- Part 02: Agreement on Energy Saving Initiatives ---- Part 03: Action Plan for Renewed Energy Conservation ---- Part 04: Thermal Building Code Revision ---- Part 05: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ---- Part 07: Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Part 6: A Visionary Danish Energy Policy 2025 -- European Union ---- Part 01: Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan): Towards a low carbon future ---- Part 02: Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) ---- Part 03: Intelligent Energy-Europe Programme (2007-13) ---- Part 04: An Energy Policy for Europe ---- Part 05: New EU-US Energy Star Agreement ---- Part 06: EU Emissions Trading Scheme 2008-12 ---- Part 07: 20 20 by 2020: Europe's Climate Change Opportunity -- Finland ---- Part 01: Energy and Climate Policy Strategy ---- Part 02: Subsidies for Energy Audits Renewed ---- Part 03: Extension of Voluntary Energy Efficiency Agreements ---- Part 04: Energy Efficiency Subsidies to Prioritise New Technology ---- Part 05: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Part 06: Implementation of the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive ---- Part 07: Amendment of the Building Code ---- Part 08: Voluntary Energy Efficiency Agreements for 2008 – 2016 -- France ---- Part 01: White Certificate Trading ---- Part 02: Public - Private Research Partnerships: "Industries of the Future" ---- Part 03: Preferential Loans for Domestic Energy Conservation Projects ---- Part 04: Maritime Transport Initiative ---- Part 05: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ---- Part 06: Le Grenelle de L'Environnement -- Germany ---- Part 01: National Climate Protection Programme ---- Part 02: KfW Housing Modernisation Programme ---- Part 03: Fifth Energy Research Programme ---- Part 04: Coalition Agreement - Target to Double Energy Productivity by 2020 ---- Part 05: Integrated Climate Change and Energy Programme ---- Part 06: Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- Greece ---- Part 01: National Operational Programme for Competitiveness II ---- Part 02: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) -- Hungary ---- Part 01: German Coal Aid Revolving Fund – Revision ---- Part 02: Structural Funds for Environment Protection and Infrastructure Operative Programme ---- Part 03: National Energy Saving Programme: Financial Assistance for Energy Conservation ---- Part 04: Implementation of the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings ---- Part 05: Apple of Our Eyes: ESCOs to Fund Energy Efficiency Improvements for Public Schools ---- Part 06: Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- India ---- Part 01: Comprehensive Energy Labeling Program for Appliances ---- Part 02: Energy Conservation Building Code ---- Part 03: National Action Plan on Climate Change -- Italy ---- Part 01: White Certificate Trading for End-Use Energy Efficiency ---- Part 02: Public/Private Working Group to Address Energy Efficient Services ---- Part 03: Implementation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme in Italy ---- Part 04: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ---- Part 05: Green Certificate Trading ---- Part 06: Financial law 2007 ---- Part 07: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Part 08: Energy Audits in Public Buildings ---- Part 09: Climate Change Action Plan -- Japan ---- Part 01: Revision of Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming (2005 Amendment) ---- Part 02: Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan ---- Part 03: Energy demand and supply prospect from 2010 to 2030 (Formulation and revision) ---- Part 04: New Regulation for Energy Suppliers (2005 Revised Energy Conservation Law) ---- Part 05: New National Energy Strategy ---- Part 06: New Labelling Measures: 2005 Revised Energy Conservation Law ---- Part 07: Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy (2005 Revised Energy Conservation Law) 25/11 ---- Part 08: Energy Conservation Frontrunner Plan ---- Part 09: Basic Program for Housing: Energy Efficiency Standards ---- Part 10: Asian Energy-Saving Program ---- Part 11: National Promotion for Energy Efficient Home Appliances ---- Part 12: National Energy Conservation Promotion - New 2007 Campaigns for Further Energy Efficiency ---- Part 13: Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan 2 (2007) ---- Part 14: Energy Conservation Technology Strategy ---- Part 15: Energy Bank: Fund for Energy Efficiency and CO2 Reduction ---- Part 16: CO2 Emission Reduction from Government Operations ---- Part 17: Cool Earth Energy Innovative Technology Plan -- Mexico ---- Part 01: Training Programme for Specialists in Electric Energy Savings ---- Part 02: Green Mortgage Programme (Hipoteca Verde) -- New Zealand ---- Part 01: Lighting Efficiency Stakeholder Group Established ---- Part 02: Energy Domain Plan ---- Part 03: Electricity Levy to Support CFL Installation ---- Part 04: Star-Rating Scheme for Home Energy Efficiency ---- Part 05: New Zealand Energy Strategy to 2050 ---- Part 06: New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy ---- Part 07: Insulation Subsidy ---- Part 08: Innovation Fund for Water Heating ---- Part 09: Home Energy Ratings Scheme ---- Part 10: Energy Wise Homes Package ---- Part 11: Carbon Neutral Public Service ---- Part 12: Low Carbon Energy Technologies Fund ---- Part 13: Efficient Lighting Strategy -- Norway ---- Part 01: Energy Performance of Buildings ---- Part 02: Commission on Low Emissions - Final Strategic Report Published ---- Part 03: White Paper on National Climate Policy -- Poland ---- Part 01: Energy Policy of Poland Until 2025 ---- Part 02: Certificate of Origin Trading System ---- Part 03: Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Part 04: Amendment to 1997 Energy Law -- Portugal ---- Part 01: Lightbulb Tax Funds Carbon Credit Purchase ---- Part 02: Building Code Upgrade: Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems ---- Part 03: Building Certification Program -- Russia ---- Part 01: Federal Code of Practice ---- Part 02: Regional Codes for Energy Efficient Buildings -- Slovak Republic ---- Part 01: Slovak Republic New Energy Policy ---- Part 02: Environmental Fund ---- Part 03: Energy Performance of Buildings ---- Part 04: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan ---- Part 05: Promotion of high efficiency cogeneration (CHP) -- South Africa ---- Part 01: Energy Efficiency Strategy of the Republic of South Africa ---- Part 02: Energy Efficiency Accord ---- Part 03: State Utility Distributes Free and Subsidized CFLs ---- Part 04: Energy Efficient Motors Programme ---- Part 05: Vision, Strategic Direction and Framework for Climate Policy -- South Korea ---- Part 01: Tax breaks on energy saving investments ---- Part 02: "Kids' ISO 14000 Program" for Energy Conservation and GHG Reduction ---- Part 03: e-Standby Programme -- Spain ---- Part 01: Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2005 – 2007 ---- Part 02: Building Technical Code - Solar Panel Requirements / Implementation of the EPBD ---- Part 03: Implementation of the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive ---- Part 04: Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2008-2012 -- Sweden ---- Part 01: Energy Efficient Home Consumer Campaign ---- Part 02: Energy Declaration of Buildings Act - Incentives for Investment in Lower-Energy Buildings ---- Part 03: Commission on Oil Independence: Final Report, Targets Published ---- Part 04: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- United Kingdom ---- Part 01: Implementation of EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) ---- Part 02: Climate Change Communications Initiative ---- Part 03: Northern Ireland - Efficiency Upgrade for Building Regulations ---- Part 04: Northern Ireland - Customer Energy Efficiency Levy Review ---- Part 05: National Action Plan on Sustainable Procurement: "Procuring the Future" ---- Part 06: Microgeneration Strategy ---- Part 07: Market Transformation Programme - Standards for SEEEM membership ---- Part 08: Market Transformation Programme - Publication of Appliance Efficiency Cost/Benefit Analysis ---- Part 09: Market Transformation Programme - Partnership with China ---- Part 10: Low Carbon Buildings Programme ---- Part 11: Energy Review ---- Part 12: Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (Energy Efficiency Commitment 3) ---- Part 13: Building Regulations Part L ---- Part 14: Voluntary Agreement on the Phase Out of Incandescent Light Bulbs ---- Part 15: Low Carbon Transport Innovation Strategy ---- Part 16: International Task Force for Sustainable Products (ITFSP) ---- Part 17: Green Homes Service ---- Part 18: Environmental Transformation Fund ---- Part 19: Energy White Paper - Meeting the Challenge ---- Part 20: Energy Technologies Institute ---- Part 21: Energy Efficiency Loans for Small or Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) ---- Part 22: Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) -- United States of America ---- State Energy Efficiency Programmes Energy Technology -- 11 fact sheets on photovoltaics ---- What is PV? ---- Future of PV Market ---- Status of PV industry ---- PV energy balance ---- External costs of PV ---- Competitiveness ---- PV for rural electrification ---- R&D and industry cooperation ---- Integration of PV in the grid ---- Off-grid PV is competitive ---- PV - a strategic business area -- Blue Energy ---- 1. Introduction ---- 2. Entropy of mixing ------ 2.1. Vapor pressure ------ 2.2. Osmotic pressure ------ 2.3. Reverse Electrodialysis ---- 3. Desalination by RO and ED ---- 4. Energy Production by PRO and RED ---- 5. Potential of energy production by Blue Energy ---- 6. State of Development ---- 7. Integration into the electricity system ---- 8. Foreseen Developments -- Desalination for producing fresh water ---- Desalination by cogeneration and renewable energy -- The Power of the Oceans - an eBook ---- AquaBuOY ------ AquaBuOY prototype animation ---- Pico plant ------ Turbine exhaust (“Bellmouth”) at rear of plant ------ Exhaust of the relief valve in heavy sea ------ Wave splashing over plant on an autumn day ------ Front view ------ Major components ------ Interior of plant ---- Seawave Slot-Cone generator (SSG) ---- Wave Dragon -- Underground High Voltage Cables: Wiring Europe for the Future ---- 1. Environmental Module ------ 1.1. Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) ------ 1.2. Land issues ------ 1.3. Recyclability ---- 2. Regulation ------ 2.1. Basic mechanisms ------ 2.2. Regulatory drivers -------- EU Regulatory Environments for Power Transmission -------- Financial Risks for Investors in Regulated Transmission Systems -------- Overview of EU Transmission Regulation -------- Regulatory regimes -------- The Trans-European Energy Networks Programme -------- Transmission Costs Across Europe ------ 2.3. Investment Behaviour and the Cost of Project Delays ---- 3. Underground Cable Case Studies ------ Case Study 1: Use of Cables in Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty ------ Case Study 2: Cables Enable Development of Valuable Project at Madrid Airport ------ Case Study 3: How Protests Can Delay Overhead Line Projects ------ Case Study 4: Cables Enable Reinforcement of the Grid in a Built-Up Area ------ Case Study 5: Building a Business Case for Power Projects in Sweden -------- How Transmission Systems Deal with Failures ---- 4. System Reliability ------ 4.1. Reliability of Cables and Lines -------- How Transmission Systems Deal with Failures -------- The N-1 criterion for power transmission ------ 4.2. Failure Case Studies and Correction -------- Case Studies and Impacts -------- Failure Statistics for Overhead Lines and Underground Cables -------- Storm, Weather Damage and Accidents ------ 4.3. Technical Improvement -------- Detecting faults -------- Installation -------- Maintenance ------ 4.4. Testing and Development -------- Pictures of Testing Facilities -------- Testing Standards ---- 5. Life Cycle Module ------ 5.1. Installation Costs -------- Relative Cost Figures -------- Relative Costs When Life Cycle Issues are Included ------ 5.2. Transmission Losses ------ 5.3. Planning Delays -------- Delaying Wind Power in the UK ------ 5.4. Replacement Cycles EPE Centre Power Quality Conference 2009 -- Power quality for future networks -- Planning Power Systems to Minimise PQ Issues -- Developments in power quality management -- Strategic issues and reliability improvements for embedded generation and microgrids -- Harmonic modelling of non-linear devices in electrical networks -- Harmonic management of power systems: how might it evolve? -- Harmonic assessment of the impact of rural irrigation pumps -- Flexible Real Time Power Electronic Solutions for PQ in Future Distribution Networks -- Heat Pump Power Quality: Harmonics and Power Factor European Power Quality Survey Results -- Poor Power Quality costs European business more than 150 billion a year ---- European business is under-investing ---- How much are poor Power Quality events costing you? ---- PQ solutions often cost less than the financial losses they resolve ---- Survey shows significant impact on company turnover ---- What is Power Quality? ---- ‘Cost of poor Power Quality’ Research Project -- Chemical plants suffer from inadequate power supply ---- Electric systems source of high financial losses ---- A week’s lost production caused by 5 seconds’ power failure ---- Equipment fire caused by a voltage surge ---- PQ issues push company into the red ---- Profitable investment opportunities ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions -- Expensive production losses due to inadequate power supply at semiconductor industries ---- Several phenomena affecting production equipment ---- Wide ranging financial losses caused by inadequate Power Quality (PQ) ---- €40 million for one power interruption ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities -- IT and Telecom: maximum system availability demands continuous power supply ---- A small PQ event can create substantial costs ---- Unresolved power quality issues can have an immediate impact on an IT or Telecom company’s reputation. ---- Power supply variations cost telephone company millions per event ---- Understanding the problems– designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities -- Metals sector not aware of its power quality losses ---- The domino effect of production stoppages ---- Different cost centres blur the reality ---- A high price for an under-designed process system ---- A productivity loss of over €10 million annually ---- 3.4 % of company’s annual turnover being wasted ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities -- No electric power, no media power ---- A wide range of potentially disastrous events ---- Power interruptions play havoc with newspaper printing ---- TV broadcasting company pays high extra cost ---- Profitable investment opportunities ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions -- Pharmaceuticals: unplanned interruptions generate high costs and create long delays ---- Additional costs in numerous areas ---- Even the most localised power interruption can result in a wasted production batch. ---- 3% of company’s turnover lost in extended power interruption ---- Understanding the problems– designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities -- Power interruptions eat into hospitals’ stretched budgets ---- Costs quickly mount up ---- Cost minimisation results in ineffective back-up system ---- Staff downtime costs hospital €50,000 ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities -- Pulp and paper manufacturers suffer significant losses ---- Electric power systems still far from immune ---- Power interruptions create significant losses ---- Voltage interruptions and earthing problems ---- Losing a consolidated amount up to 11 per cent of turnover ---- Inexpensive components cause large financial losses ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities ---- Do you know what PQ is costing your pulp & paper factory ? -- Retail sector suffers from power disturbances ---- Several phenomena affecting daily business ---- Financial losses mount up for supermarket chain ---- Profitable investment opportunities ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions -- Unscheduled stoppages cost oil refineries millions ---- Unplanned, substantial costs ---- Inappropriate earthing costs refinery €3 million ---- Shutdown of multiple facilities following power failure ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities -- Power interruptions are often disastrous for the hotel sector ---- The losses impact several business areas. ---- The cost of the solution is often less than the annual losses due to PQ ---- Calamity avoided ---- Understanding the problems – designing the solutions ---- Profitable investment opportunities Evaluating Environmental Performance in Low-Carbon Energy Systems -- Case 1 - Environmental impact of the electricity mix -- Case 2 - Low-Energy House heating system -- Case 3 - Low Energy House vs Passive House -- Case 4 - Primary Energy vs Global Warming -- Case 5 - Investing 1 million Euros into higher efficiency motors or wind turbines -- Case 6 - Building new houses (1 million Euros financing different energy efficiency levels) -- Case 7 - Renovating standard houses (1 million Euros financing different energy efficiency levels) Expert interviews -- A view on Nuclear Energy ---- 1. Nuclear in Belgium ---- 2. Waste issue ---- 3. Different Technologies ---- 4. Economics ---- 5. Security ---- 6. Cooling Capacity ---- 7. Climate Change and Energy Security ---- 8. The danger of phasing out -- Barriers for wind projects - Strong competition, few suitable sites ---- 1. An increasingly competitive market ---- 2. Suitable sites are scarce ---- 3. Public acceptance is key ---- 4. A sellers market ---- 5. The future of wind energy in Europe -- Combining heat pumps with a PV system - A comfortable zero-emission house ---- [1] Retaining heat from groundwater ---- [2] Little or no maintenance ---- [3] Forced ventilation with heat recuperation ---- [4] Combining various subsidies ---- [5] A three-phased PV system ---- [6] A second heat-pump for sanitary water ---- [7] Cutting consumption ---- [8] Dreaming of going off the grid -- Geopolitics of Energy with Samuele Furfari ---- 1. Man is the real resource ---- 2. Oil dominance ---- 3. Investments in the energy sector ---- 4. Electricity will clearly be the energy carrier of the future ---- 5. Is energy still too cheap? ---- 6. What about energy efficiency? ---- 7. More efficient taxation -- Homes project for buildings: save 20 per cent of electricity by controlling its uses ---- Homes project ---- Rethinking equipment use ---- Sensors common to all sub-systems ---- The example of lighting ---- Solutions at acceptable cost ---- Technological breakthroughs ---- The right user interface: a key advantage ---- Supporting energy services… ---- … that are increasingly specialized ---- Initial efforts already producing positive results ---- Shortcut : The HOMES Project at a glance -- Imagining an energy future ---- Energy planning with LEAP ---- The history behind LEAP ---- Exploring energy scenario's ---- LEAP and its alternatives ---- The effort to develop LEAP, and its long-term sustainability ---- What's next for LEAP? ---- A word about COMMEND -- Randall Bowie on the Energy Services Directive ---- 1. The Energy Services Directive versus the EE Action Plan ---- 2. An Energy Efficiency Action Plan against time ---- 3. What is the baseline and how far does it go back? ---- 4. Following the subsidiarity logic ---- 5. How to monitor implementation and results ---- 6. The public sector as a role model ---- 7. The European Commission as a role model ---- 8. Lack of qualified people could become drawback ---- 9. Notification of the national action plans -- Safe electricity for slum residents - A pilot project in Paraisópolis, São Paulo, Brazil ---- [01] Dangerous and inefficient connections ---- [02] The Slum Electrification and Loss Reduction programme (SERL) ---- [03] Paying electricity bills to become a legal citizen ---- [04] Paying, but for a reduced consumption ---- [05] Utilities reducing the non-technical losses ---- [06] The lessons learned from past experiences ---- [07] The social aspect is key ---- [08] A success among the residential consumers ---- [09] Finding solutions for business consumers ---- [10] Gaining credibility for slum electrification -- Slum electrification in Dakar ---- [01] A massive worldwide problem ---- [02] Rural villages and suburban slums in Sénégal ---- [03] Pikine, the largest slum in the vicinity of Dakar ---- [04] Illegal sub-distribution of electricity ---- [05] Unsafe and inefficient installations ---- [06] Electrification as the start of development ---- [07] Initiating the electrification project ---- [08] Education and social integration are crucial Guide for electrical design engineers -- Chapter 1 : Designing an Uninterruptible Power Supply -- Chapter 2 : Centralised Reactive Power Compensation -- Chapter 3: permissible level of voltage fluctuations for a motor -- Chapter 4 : voltage change during drive start -- Chapter 5 : Mitigation of voltage unbalance -- Chapter 6 : static FC/TCR compensator -- Chapter 7: overload capacity of power transformers -- Chapter 8: emergency & UPS for Buildings - Sizing the source power How does the electricity system function? -- 1. The basic representation of the system -- 2. Inductive power and its compensation -- 3. Keeping constant voltage and frequency -- 4. Three different types of power stations -- 5. Three different types of loads -- 6. International cooperation -- 7. Security of supply -- 8. Conclusion -- 9. Reference Information center about power quality and energy efficiency for maintenance managers -- Including power quality & energy efficiency in route inspection and predictive maintenance -- Building a power quality monitoring & control system -- Performing or outsourcing power quality and energy efficiency audits -- Ad-hoc measurement techniques for power quality -- Designing a reliability centered maintenance system for your facility Is electric heating making a comeback? -- 1. Pushing passive houses -- 2. Modern way of living, modern energy requirements -- 3. The kWh is not the only cost -- 4. Looking beyond buildings -- 5. The efficiency of electricity generation -- 6. In favour of wind turbines and solar energy -- 7. References -- A. Some advantages of electric heating Lighting Tutorial -- 1 Introductory notes -- 2 The basics of physics -- 3 The working principle with magnetic ballasts ---- 3.1 Important for getting started: The correct starter ---- 3.2 Operation ---- 3.3 Dimmability and its price -- 4 Possible disturbances with magnetic ballasts ---- 4.1 Emission of disturbances ---- 4.2 Susceptibility to disturbances ---- 4.3 Reliability -- 5 Proper compensation of reactive power with magnetic ballasts ---- 5.1 General issues ---- 5.2 Special aspects when compensating small lamps -- 6 The working principle with electronic ballasts -- 7 Possible disturbances with electronic ballasts ---- 7.1 Emission of disturbances ---- 7.2 Susceptibility to disturbances ---- 7.3 Reliability -- 8 Energy efficiency ---- 8.1 Do away with old rumours ---- 8.2 Old EU Directive ---- 8.3 New EU Directive ---- 8.4 Avoiding avoidable losses in small fluorescent lamps ---- 8.5 How to make magnetic ballasts more efficient than electronic ones ---- 8.6 Are the new T8 lamps with reduced power ratings more efficient? ---- 8.7 Are T5 lamps more efficient? ---- 8.8 Energy savings with dimmable ballasts ---- 8.9 Make sure not to replace losses with losses -- 9 Downloads ---- 9.1 Presentation on lighting in English ---- 9.2 Presentation on lighting in German ---- 9.3 This tutorial in English ---- 9.4 This tutorial is also available in German ---- 9.5 Briefing paper on lighting in German ---- 9.6 Brochure on optimized fluorescent lighting in German Maintenance manager's guide to power quality -- Maintenance managers' guide overview -- The Maintenance Manager's Guide to PFC Capacitor Banks -- The maintenance manager's guide to circuit protection Micro grids: different structures for various applications -- Active distribution grids -- A Utility micro grid -- Industrial or commercial micro grids -- Remote micro grids -- Summary -- References Power Quality & Utilization Guide -- Introduction ---- Introduction to Power Quality ------ Electrical power as article of trade ------ Reliability of the supply and resilience of the technological proces ------ What do we mean by “power quality”? ------ Power Quality - the problem of supplier and user ------ Power blackouts and voltage dips ------ Power blackouts - supplier’s and consumer’s points of view ------ Reliability - minimising of causes of power cuts ------ Harmonics -origin and responsibility ------ Transients - the next PQ problem ------ Ensure “good enough” power quality ---- Power Quality Self-assessment Guide ------ Typical problems -------- Computer lockups -------- Flickering screens -------- Flickering lights -------- Overheating of transformers at moderate load -------- Induction motors -------- Overheating of conductors due to skin effect -------- Correct functioning of process control equipment -------- Data network congestion -------- Problems with power factor correction equipment -------- Problems with specific (long) lines or when switching heavy loads -------- Overloaded neutrals -------- Nuisance tripping of protective devices -------- Utility claims resulting from harmonics affecting supply ------ Solutions -------- Surge protection -------- UPS (un-interruptible power supply) -------- Back-up generator -------- True RMS measurement -------- Transformer derating -------- Motor derating -------- Dedicated circuit -------- Multiple cables for harmonic loads -------- Complete rewiring of the installation -------- Zoning of electrical loads -------- Meshed earth -------- Passive filters -------- Active conditioners -------- TN-S rewiring -------- Neutral upsizing ------ Conclusion ---- Energy Efficiency in Hospitals ---- Energy Efficiency in Hotels ---- Energy Efficiency in Offices ---- Energy Efficiency in Schools ---- Energy Efficiency in the Food and Beverages Industry ---- Energy Efficiency in the Plastics Industry ---- Power Quality for Healthcare Facilities ---- Power Quality in Continuous Manufacturing -- Costs ---- Investment analysis for PQ solutions -- Distributed Generation & Renewables ---- Introduction to Distributed Generation & Renewables ---- Cogeneration ---- Distributed Generation - Integration & Interconnection ---- Photovoltaic Installations ---- Policy and Incentives on Distributed Generation ---- Small Hydro Power - Investor Guide ---- Wind Farm Development and Operation - A Case Study ---- Wind Power -- Earthing & EMC ---- A Systems Approach to Earthing ---- Earthing Systems - Fundamentals of Calculation and Design -- Energy Efficiency ---- Energy management: self assessment ---- Compressed Air ---- Dielectric Heating ---- Energy efficiency in buildings demystified ---- Induction Heating ---- Industrial Cooling ---- Industrial Heat Pumps ---- Infrared Heating ---- Lighting ---- Motors and Variable Speed Drives ---- Passive Filters ---- Saving energy with high efficiency motors ------ 1 Room for improvement ------ 2 Energy-efficient motors have been around for a long time ------ 3 State regulation? No thanks ------ 4 Classification scheme ------ 5 Other ways to save ------ 6 Measuring techniques ------ 7 Environmental payback ------ 8 Turning to efficiency: copper rotors -------- 8.1 Preliminary work 1: the hot iron effect -------- 8.2 Preliminary work 2: start-up behaviour -------- 8.3 Advantage 1: more torque, more power -------- 8.4 Advantage 2: simplified rotor design -------- 8.5 Advantage 3: extreme conditions and special motors ------ 9 But a variable-frequency drive saves more energy than a better motor… ------ 10 Summary -- Harmonics ---- 3.1 Introduction to Harmonics ------ Causes and effects ------ Types of equipment that generate harmonics -------- Single phase loads -- Resilience & Reliability ---- Improving Reliability with Standby Power Supplies ---- Resilience, Reliability and Redundancy -- Voltage Disturbances ---- Voltage Characteristics of Public Distribution Systems ---- Voltage dips - introduction -- About LPQI (Leonardo Power Quality Initiative) ---- How to join LPQI and become a partner Power Quality Tutorial -- 1. Power Quality Phenomena ---- 1.1 Harmonics ---- 1.2 Short interruptions (< 1min) ---- 1.3 Long interruptions (> 1min) ---- 1.4 Voltage dips and swells ---- 1.5 Transients, surges (switching, lightning) ---- 1.6 Flicker ---- 1.7 Unbalance ---- 1.8 Voltage value (long term undervoltages and overvoltages) ------ Overvoltages ------ Undervoltages ---- 1.9 Earthing and EMC -- 2. Power Quality Problems ---- 2.1 Circuit breakers and RCD’s nuisance tripping ---- 2.2 Computers lock up ---- 2.3 Computers or other electronics are damaged ---- 2.4 Data loss ---- 2.5 Lights flicker, blink, or dim ---- 2.6 Loss of synchronization of processing equipment ---- 2.7 Motors or other process equipment malfunctions ---- 2.8 Motors or process equipment are damaged ---- 2.9 Noise interference to telecommunication lines ---- 2.A Relays and contactors nuisance tripping ---- 2.B Transformers and cables overheating -- 3. Power Quality Solutions ---- 3.1 Back-up generator(s) ---- 3.2 Dynamic voltage restorers ---- 3.3 Harmonic filter (passive) ---- 3.4 Isolation transformers ---- 3.5 Line conditioners or active filters ---- 3.6 Multiple independent feeder ---- 3.7 Oversizing equipment and cables ---- 3.8 Shielding and grounding ---- 3.9 Static transfer switches ---- 3.A Static Var Compensator ---- 3.B Surge protectors on key pieces of equipment ---- 3.C Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) devices ---- 3.D Voltage stabilisers -- 4. PQ phenomena and design issues SEEDT - highlights on European Distribution Transformers -- 1. European distribution transformer population -- 2. European distribution transformers losses and efficiency -- 3. Time Perspective -- 4. Energy Efficiency saving potential Synergies between energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy systems (RES) -- Public Benefit Funds for EE and RES -- Energy Efficiency Resource Standards (EERS) and Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) -- Zero-energy homes: reducing residential energy consumption -- A corporate policy for green power and energy efficiency -- Austin Energy municipal utility: a pioneer in combining EE with RES -- Efficient use of Landfill Gas Ten business opportunities for the electrical contracting sector -- 1. Smart homes and offices -- 2. Smart ageing: independent living for elderly people -- 3. Telemedicine: medical home care -- 4. Energy management -- 5. Photovoltaic systems: catching up? -- 6. Heat pumps: the revelation of the past decade -- 7. Domestic CHPs: ancient technology, modern application -- 8. Electric heating: making a comeback? -- 9. Powering the digital economy: robust design & extensive circuit monitoring -- A. Renovation for safety and comfort: underestimated risks? Ten “Factor Ten” solutions -- Amorphous distribution transformers -- Computers -- Continuous Current -- Heat Recovery Ventilation -- Hybrid vehicles -- LEDs -- Low Energy Buildings -- Moving at long distance -- Moving at short distance -- Non-standby and autonomous appliances The Big 6 environmental impact categories -- Acidification Potential (AP) -- Eutrophication Potential (EP) -- Global Warming Potential (GWP) -- Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) -- Primary energy consumption The first micro grid in The Netherlands: Bronsbergen -- Configuration -- Objectives -- Research The residential micro grid of Am Steinweg in Stutensee, Germany -- Configuration -- Energy Management -- Source The XVI International Congress on Electricity Applications in a Modern World -- Opening session ---- A promising high efficiency technology for the induction heating of aluminium billets ---- CIGRE/CIRED/UIE JWG C4.110, Voltage dip immunity of equipment in installations, scope and status of the work, April 2008 ---- Electromagnetic and thermal analysis of induction heating of billets by rotation in DC magnetic field ---- Finite element analysis of heating by workpiece rotation in DC magnetic fields ---- How to electrify one fourth of the world population ---- Investigation on energy recovering in an induction coil for continuous through heating billet -- Session 1 ---- Investigation and design of induction assisted welding processes ---- Use of EM fields in production processes for PV cells ---- Use of Frequency Control to Optimize Induction Axle Scan Hardening ---- Validation of Electromagnetic-Thermal Coupled Modelling of Levitation Melting -- Session 2 ---- Control system of the inductive crucible mixer with indirect estimation of the temperature ---- Energy efficient use of electricity in metallurgical processes ---- Induction processing of liquid materials ---- LES of heat and mass exchange in channel induction furnaces ---- Solution of a hot spot problem of the housing of a channel induction furnace -- Session 3 ---- Live line maintenances in Poland -- Session 4 ---- Advanced energy saving induction heating technologies in the steel industry and its modeling ---- Electromagnetic forming - an efficient technology for metallic sheet processing ---- Methods of determination of dynamic properties of induction heated multi input – multi output systems ---- Modelling the temperature homogeneity of the glass melt obtained by EM action ---- New innovative induction system for the production of pure high temperature glasses -- Session 5 ---- Electromagnetic metamaterials and new aspects of electricity ---- Energy saving technologies and equipment from ESTEL ---- Fuzzy modelling of chosen electroheat systems ---- Modeling of the AC-EAF process using computational intelligence methods ---- Simulation of continual induction heating of nonferromagnetic bodies using integrodifferential approach -- Session 6 ---- Application of some electrode systems for local measurements with conduct-metrical method ---- Energy efficiency policy in European Union ---- Monitoring system of power quality in network -- Poster Session 1 ---- Calculations of the induction heating system with the monitoring of thermal stress in the charge ---- Efficiency criteria for induction heating applications ---- Induction heating of steel strips and thin slabs ---- Mathematical modelling of induction hardening on view of thermal stresses ---- Peculiarities of electrotechnological units power supply with the use of complex form current ---- Structure and crystallization of melts in the ZrO2Al2O3 system ---- The optimization of an inductor position for minimization of a liquid metal free surface ---- Voltage transformer operation in connection with the power quality ---- Weak conducting material melt flow in crossed EM fields -- Poster Session 2 ---- Estimation of chosen parameters influence on induction hardening process of gears ---- Fan and series motor aggregate energy effectivity ---- Highly efficient plasma technologies using powerful high-frequency and microwave emission sources ---- Investigation of the free-burning arc in argon ---- Methods of calculation of induction-resistive pipeline heating systems ---- Simultaneous effects of convection and thermal radiation as a generalized boundary condition of temperature fields of ... ---- Time-optimal control of energy-efficient heating of aluminium billets rotating in DC magnetic field Voltage dips at an automobile manufacturer -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem description -- 3 Relation between dips and process interruptions -- 4 Immunization options -- 5 Conclusions and recommendations Future Power Systems -- Future Power Systems 1 - the Balance principle, Frequency and the Grid -- Future Power Systems 2 - Matching - Monitoring and Predicting Generation and Demand -- Future Power Systems 3 - Main Plant characteristics -- Future Power Systems 4 - Renewable and Distributed Generation -- Future Power Systems 5 - Classic "Passive" Distribution -- Future Power Systems 6 - More Distributed Generation -- Future Power Systems 7 - Active Distribution management -- Future Power Systems 8 - The 'Active' customer -- Future Power Systems 9 - Configure for DER management -- Future Power Systems 10 - The customer and the industry -- Future Power Systems 11 - New data from the customer to the Industry -- Future Power Systems 12 - New data from the Industry to the customer -- Future Power Systems 13 - Intelligent Buildings and Processes -- Future Power Systems 14 - Premises Power Profile and DER control -- Future Power Systems 15 - Data Logistics -- Future Power Systems 16 - Data standards, Metering and Settlement -- Future Power Systems 17 - DER Market and Matching -- Future Power Systems 19 - DER Participation in Operator Timescales -- Future Power Systems 18 - DER Participation in Market Timescales
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These different instruments
By Anne Rialhe / Published on Thu, 2008-09-04 8:55These different instruments (tax credit, preferential loans…) are part of the Plan Climat, a national Climate Plan, in order to divide by 4 the greenhouse gases emissions in 2050.
A summary of the different laws, named 'sustainable development tax credit (rational use of energy, renewable energy sources)' is available at the website of the relevant ministery.
Details on the tax credit
Beginning of September 2008, the government has announced another similar measure, a zero-interest loan (Prêt à Taux Zéro or éco-PTZ). This green-loan should be effective in September 2009. This loan would be available to finance energy efficiency work in dwellings, without income conditions for the dwelling’s owner. Its value should be 30 000 € maximum, and energy efficiency work should be less than 300 €/m2. Total cost of this loan should be 1 billion € per year, until 2014.
This green loan was promoted during the Grenelle de l’environnement, as a powerful instrument to create a green revolution in French industry. One previous similar instrument is the German "CO2 KfW", launched ten years ago by the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (a bank for the reconstruction, created after World War 2).
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