Understanding the electrification of industrial energy consumption in Europe

Over the last 20 years, coal consumption and -to a lesser extent- oil consumption have steadily decreased to the advantage of electricity in the European industry. In the meantime the natural gas penetration slowed down, stabilizing during the 2000s. What are the uses of electricity in industry? What are the reasons for this large penetration?

Electricity covers a rising share of industrial energy needs

Read full article

Leonardo Power Quality Initiative publications

Created in 2001, LPQI has grown into a partnership community of 100 authorities in the field of power quality. They range from academic and polytechnic institutions to engineering companies. LPQI aims to provide end-users and business decision makers with facts and best practices to improve power quality in the non-residential sector and to raise awareness among policy makers. LPQI European education programme reaches 100 000 professionals each year.

Read full article

Efficiency and Loss Evaluation of Large Power Transformers

All power transformers have very high energy efficiency—the largest are probably the most efficient machines ever devised. However, there is still scope for improvement. Any improvement in the performance of large transformers offers the potential of genuine economic benefits because their throughput and their continuous duty mean that the energy they waste is likewise enormous.

Read full article

Energy Efficiency Self-Assessment in Industry

Industrial companies seeking ways to reduce energy consumption often call upon external advisors to assess the energy efficiency of a plant. While this is generally a good idea, it is unwise to leave this task entirely up to the external advisor. Identification of promising opportunities for saving energy requires thorough insight into the plant’s processes and a profound knowledge of the process design. Plant engineers and operators generally have a much greater insight into their plant than external advisors.

Read full article

Dual Wiring for Factories and Commercial Buildings

While having considered the energy saving opportunities by increasing the size of cables, Japan faced the urgent needs to save energy any possible way due to the aftermath of the Earthquake and Tsunami on March, 2011. “Dual Wiring” is the immediate solution without a large scale renovation or construction, yet to get the same result of cable upsizing. This paper talks about what is “Dual-Wiring” and theoretical study behind it.

Read full article

Standard EN 50160

Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networks

Standard EN 50160 should be understood as representing a compromise between the three parties which exert an influence on the power quality, i.e. network operator, network user, and manufacturer of equipment. Each of these three parties has an interest in playing their part. It is essential that electricity suppliers provide, as a minimum, a nominally adequate quality of supply.

Read full article

Generator Set Design Parameters

The intention of this paper is to look at various aspects of generator sets (gensets) utilised globally to provide medium to long term backup power, and to improve system availability and reliability. Critical locations and applications depend on generators for back-up power. Examples of such critical locations are hospitals, airports, government buildings, telecommunications facilities, data centres, and nuclear power plants.

Read full article

UPS Power System Design Parameters

This application note is intended to be a source of guidance and to help reduce confusion pertaining to the design, configuration, selection, sizing, and installation of Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) systems. This document is a useful information source for electrical consultants, electrical engineers, facility managers, and design and build contractors.

Read full article

Materials for electric busways

Busbars, busducts, and busways using copper conductors have several advantages compared to their counterparts fabricated from other materials.

The main advantages of copper arise from its high electric conductivity (low electric resistance). These characteristics make it possible to create busways with the same current carrying capacity but that are smaller and/or more energy efficient.

In addition, the use of copper results in highly durable connections that can resist strong mechanical forces.

Read full article

Cable Conductor Sizing for Minimum Life Cycle Cost

Energy prices are high and expected to rise. All CO2 emissions are being scrutinized by regulators as well as by public opinion. As a result, energy management has become a key factor in almost every business. To get the most out of each kilowatt-hour, appliances must be carefully evaluated for their energy efficiency.

Read full article

Up to 30 percent higher earnings for companies that invest in energy efficiency

Energy conservation measures have a significant positive impact on the earnings (EBIT) and the return on equity (RoE) of European energy-intensive companies. That is a conclusion of a study in four energy-intensive sectors, conducted by 3E Energy Consultants and commissioned by the Copper Alliance. 3E developed a user friendly spreadsheet tool that calculates the impact of concrete energy efficiency measures on the short, mid and long-term financial accounts of a company.

Read full article

Introduction to Industrial Electrical Heating

This application note provides an introduction to a series of papers on industrial electric process heating technologies, hereinafter referred to as electro-heat or electro-heating technologies.

Read full article

World Energy Expenditures

US$6,000bn for energy consumers, and substantial revenues for governments

World energy expenditures have more than doubled in 20 years

More than US$6,000bn -10% of the world Gross Domestic Product (GDP)- is spent each year in the world for energy purposes (figures in US$2005ppp). This places energy second to health care expenditures in many countries; and in some cases first.

Read full article

Context and Technology Bound Motives for the Use of Electricity in Industrial Thermal Processes

From a thermodynamic point of view, it seems absurd to use electricity in thermal processing. The intentional reconversion of a high-quality (highest level of exergy) and consequently expensive form of energy, electricity, to produce heat, seems at first sight an inattentive dealing with entropy. Nevertheless, in industry many processes can be found that use electricity as energy source, even in energy intensive processes as e.g. metal melting.

Read full article

Integrated Earthing Systems (Earthing Grid)

Businesses and governments will continue to focus on efficiency and quality improvements while at the same time remaining under pressure to reduce costs. Hence, automation developed to a very high level and the Internet has become a strategic requirement. The consequent business vulnerability must obviously be recognized and risk reduced. High availability level to the IT infrastructure is a primary requirement.

Read full article

Chapter 9 : measuring earth resistance and continuity testing

by E.Hering

Measuring earth resistance

Earth resistance is a key parameter in determining the efficiency of earthing systems.

In this article, measurement of earth resistance fundamentals are explained:

Read full story

Selection and sizing of conductors supplying electrical equipment that must remain functional during a fire

Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized to take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature. Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.

Read full article

Energy Efficiency in the Food and Beverages Industry

This Application Note provides an overview of available measures for energy efficiency improvement in the food and beverage processing industry. It is based on examples from theory and practice.

This study is not intended to be an exhaustive description of every operation in the sector, but rather tries to describe the most significant process-specific energy efficiency measures and reinforce these with practical case-studies.

Read full article

Transformers in power distribution networks

In electrical engineering terminology, transformers are regarded as electrical machines, although they only convert one form of electricity into another form of electricity. Due to this relatively simple function, among other reasons, their losses are lower than those of any equipment converting electricity into some other form of energy. They are probably the most efficient machines ever devised by man.

Read full article

Pages

Follow us