All hope relies on electrical energy storage

The development of Electrical Energy Storage technology (EES) carries the weight of huge expectations. According to an earlier International Electrotechnical Commission White Paper, many of the medium and long-term renewable energy targets that have been set by governments are impossible to achieve without a fundamental breakthrough in storage technology. Energy storage systems already exist, but a major technology shift is required to enable large-scale deployment.

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Investigation into the Performance of Aluminum Wound Distribution Transformers

The stresses responsible for transformer failures, creep behavior of aluminum conductor, operating conditions, frequent magnetic inrush current and their effects on the life of distribution transformer (DTs) are being investigated. It is being investigated by conducting experiments that hot spot temperature, creep behavior of aluminum conductor, and frequent switching of DTs in the field may be responsible for excessive failures.

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Generator Set Design Parameters

The intention of this paper is to look at various aspects of generator sets (gensets) utilised globally to provide medium to long term backup power, and to improve system availability and reliability. Critical locations and applications depend on generators for back-up power. Examples of such critical locations are hospitals, airports, government buildings, telecommunications facilities, data centres, and nuclear power plants.

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UPS Power System Design Parameters

This application note is intended to be a source of guidance and to help reduce confusion pertaining to the design, configuration, selection, sizing, and installation of Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) systems. This document is a useful information source for electrical consultants, electrical engineers, facility managers, and design and build contractors.

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Cable Conductor Sizing for Minimum Life Cycle Cost

Energy prices are high and expected to rise. All CO2 emissions are being scrutinized by regulators as well as by public opinion. As a result, energy management has become a key factor in almost every business. To get the most out of each kilowatt-hour, appliances must be carefully evaluated for their energy efficiency.

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Electric Motor Asset Management

Electric motors are available for a wide range of applications and in a variety of power outputs. They are the ideal drivers for a huge number of operations. Electric motors are the primary mover for a vast majority of industrial and tertiary sector activities. Some motors are visible as a separate entity; others are built into boxed applications such as air compressors, heat pumps, water pumps, and fans. Electric motors account for approximately 65% of the electricity consumed by EU industry.

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Integrated Earthing Systems (Earthing Grid)

Businesses and governments will continue to focus on efficiency and quality improvements while at the same time remaining under pressure to reduce costs. Hence, automation developed to a very high level and the Internet has become a strategic requirement. The consequent business vulnerability must obviously be recognized and risk reduced. High availability level to the IT infrastructure is a primary requirement.

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Smart Grids and Network Reliability

Network reliability is defined as the continuous availability of electricity for the consumer. A key characteristic of reliability is the number, as well as duration, of outages a customer experiences. There are many reasons why reliability may be affected and they include, but are not limited to:

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Security and the Smart Grid

At present, utilities are unable to monitor in real time load or usage beyond the substation level. The smart-grid is a digital two-way network that can address this problem. They achieve this by giving operators a real time picture of energy consumption in much the same way a computer network administrator or Internet Service Provider (ISP) monitors network load, usage, and congestion [1].

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Electricity Systems for Hospitals

Electricity is only of third-rate interest to hospitals. Their core business is the welfare of its patients, for which medical appliances are required, which, on their turn, require electricity. That said, electricity is a vital utility which malfunctioning or interruption can easily lead to disastrous consequences. This combination - being absolutely vital but far from the main interest domain of the organization – entails a certain risk.

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The cost of the post fossil-fuel economy - 2 radically opposed visions

Can we evolve to a post fossil-fuel economy by 2050? A recent study at Stanford University investigated the development of an energy system driven solely by wind, water, and the sun. In contrast to that, the article 'Renewables Won’t Keep the Lights On' by Euan Mearns, which appeared in the Oil Drum, sketched a pitch-black view of our energy future and considered nuclear energy the only reasonable option. The fact that both scenarios are possible in terms of energy flows has already been well-argued by David MacKay in his book 'Sustainable Energy Without the Hot Air'. Unlike MacKay, however, the Stanford University and Euan Mearns texts also take the cost of the future energy system into account. It is interesting that they arrive at two radically different conclusions. It should be noted that both articles were written before the Fukushima accident in Japan.

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Chapter 9 : measuring earth resistance and continuity testing

by E.Hering

Measuring earth resistance

Earth resistance is a key parameter in determining the efficiency of earthing systems.

In this article, measurement of earth resistance fundamentals are explained:

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Reliability of Electricity Supply

The ninth course in the comprehensive programme on power quality covers the subject of reliability of electricity supply.

The knowledge acquired during the course should be sufficient for:

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Due diligence in national renewable energy plans

It’s about evaluating all of the risks, not merely calculating return on investment

There are several ways to look at government incentives for renewable energy. Often, the choices that governments have to make are presented as a balance between cost, environmental return, and economic return. But in reality, it is extremely difficult to evaluate such choices by simple calculations of return on investment. The way decisions will eventually turn out is difficult to predict, as it is dependent on many uncertain variables. In other words, the choices incorporate many business risks. This means that governments should choose their energy politics by evaluating the potential plans with due diligence and by making appropriate risk assessments.

In Ireland, the government is currently evaluating the choice between two potential National Renewable Energy Plans. The Irish Times rightly remarked that such a choice should not be taken lightly.

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The high financial risk of nuclear energy

Has solar PV become cheaper than nuclear?

This past month, both The New York Times and CleanTechnica.com reported on a paper from Duke University in North Carolina claiming that the costs of solar energy and nuclear energy have passed an historical crossover point at 16 dollar cents per kilowatthour. Solar photovoltaics are now supposed to be a lower-cost alternative to new nuclear plants. How accurate is this claim? Why are the figures on the cost of nuclear energy so divergent? And to what extent are solar photovoltaic energy and nuclear energy competitors?

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Chapter 8: emergency & UPS for Buildings - Sizing the source power

Prior to designing a power supply system for a building or other structure, a designer carries out a detailed analysis concerning the requirements for reliability of power supply of loads to be installed in the designed building or facility.

This chapter of the Guide for Design Engineers develops a step by step methodology to size the source power.

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What are the main differences in outages and repairs for underground power cables?

Once installed in the ground, cables are intrinsically maintenance free. Since their introduction, EHV XLPE cables have had an excellent track record. It is only external influences that could damage the cable, and remote monitoring of the cable circuit allows the rapid location of the fault, so that a targeted intervention can be conducted. Remote monitoring of the cable circuit also means there is no specific need for a permanently staffed route surveillance team.

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Power Quality Control In An Industrial Estate

This case study presents a methodology for improving power quality in an important industrial estate. A project was initiated to reduce the number of interruptions and enhance power quality in the estate and focused on reducing weak points in the power distribution system by inspecting distribution lines in both customer and utility areas. Once weaknesses were identified, corrective action would be taken and preventative measures put in place to prevent re-occurance in order to provide high power availability to customers.

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Transformers in power distribution networks

In electrical engineering terminology, transformers are regarded as electrical machines, although they only convert one form of electricity into another form of electricity. Due to this relatively simple function, among other reasons, their losses are lower than those of any equipment converting electricity into some other form of energy. They are probably the most efficient machines ever devised by man.

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Power conditioner rating

Reader Question

I would like to understand, how the power conditioner rating to the actual load determines the ride through capability for the power conditioner.

Literature from lpqi states that the power conditioner should be oversized by 2.5 times that of the load. Increasing the size makes the power conditioner less efficient. What is the ride through benefit as compared to using a power conditioner that is sized to the load.

Regards, Theo

Response

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